Table 3 Factors associated with Diabetes Distress#.
Factor | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 2206 | OR (95%CI) | p value | OR (95%CI) | p value |
Age | ||||
Per 1 year increase | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.006 |
Sex | ||||
Male (ref) | ||||
Female | 1.99 (1.45–2.72) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.11–2.27) | 0.012 |
Duration | ||||
1 year increase | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.891 | ||
HbA1c 1 % | ||||
per unit increase | 1.30 (1.21–1.40) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.07–1.29) | <0.001 |
Insulin use | ||||
No (ref) | ||||
Yes | 2.29 (1.62–3.26) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.02–2.37) | 0.039 |
Current smoking | ||||
No (ref) | ||||
Yes | 1.77 (1.19–2.63) | 0.005 | 0.83 (0.51–1.33) | 0.436 |
Forgets medications | ||||
No (ref) | ||||
Yes | 3.00 (2.20–4.09) | <0.001 | 1.20 (0.82–1.75) | 0.339 |
Difficulties following dietary recommendations | ||||
No (ref) | ||||
Yes | 4.54 (3.23–6.36) | <0.001 | 2.25 (1.52–3.32) | <0.001 |
Sufficient physical activity 3 | ||||
No (ref) | ||||
Yes | 0.36 (0.25–0.53) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.47–1.12) | 0.149 |
Monitors blood glucose as recommended | ||||
No (ref) | ||||
Yes | 0.45 (0.33–0.61) | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.46–0.98) | 0.038 |
Unsure of recommended testing | 0.44 (0.21–0.93) | 0.032 | 0.45 (0.18–1.13) | 0.091 |
Depression 5 | ||||
No | ||||
Yes | 7.20 (5.13–10.11) | <0.001 | 3.35 (2.26–4.95) | <0.001 |
Treated for depression 4 | ||||
No (ref) | ||||
Yes | 2.58 (1.89–3.53) | <0.001 | 1.21 (0.84–1.77) | 0.308 |
Own health rating (1–100) | ||||
per 1 point increase | 0.96 (0.95–0.96) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <0.001 |
Diabetes Specialist 6 | ||||
No (ref) | ||||
Yes | 1.22 (0.88–1.69) | 0.233 | ||
Diabetes Educator 6 | ||||
No (ref) | ||||
Yes | 0.80 (0.58–1.12) | 0.191 | ||
