Table 1 Species examined in this study with craniofacial measurements and RUNX2 Q/A ratios. GM: geometric mean.
Group | Feeding habit | Species | Palate (mm)/GM | RUNX2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Length/GM | Width/GM | Zygomatic/GM | Q | A | Q/A Ratio | |||
New World leaf-nosed bats | Carnivory | Chrotopterus auritus | 0.71 | 0.62 | 1.10 | 23 | 17 | 1.35 |
Frugivory | Artibeus glaucus | 0.64 | 0.75 | 1.10 | 20 | 10 | 2.00 | |
Artibeus gnomus | 0.60 | 0.78 | 1.11 | 21 | 10 | 2.1 | ||
Artibeus jamaicensis | 0.70 | 0.76 | 1.11 | 23 | 13 | 1.77 | ||
Artibeus lituratus | 0.67 | 0.80 | 1.10 | 23 | 10 | 2.3 | ||
Artibeus obscurus | 0.68 | 0.77 | 1.12 | 23 | 13 | 1.77 | ||
Artibeus watsoni | 0.63 | 0.75 | 1.06 | 21 | 9 | 2.33 | ||
Carollia perspicillata | 0.73 | 0.63 | 1.07 | 19 | 15 | 1.27 | ||
Carollia subrupha | 0.74 | 0.63 | 1.04 | 18 | 14 | 1.29 | ||
Chiroderma doriae | 0.72 | 0.79 | 1.12 | 26 | 13 | 2.00 | ||
Chiroderma villosum | 0.74 | 0.80 | 1.11 | 23 | 12 | 1.92 | ||
Rhinophylla fisherae | 0.69 | 0.67 | 1.09 | 20 | 14 | 1.43 | ||
Rhinophylla pumilio | 0.68 | 0.67 | 1.07 | 17 | 13 | 1.31 | ||
Sturnira lilium | 0.63 | 0.67 | 1.18 | 20 | 12 | 1.67 | ||
Sturnira tildae | 0.66 | 0.68 | 1.21 | 17 | 14 | 1.21 | ||
Vampyressa pusilla | 0.67 | 0.78 | 1.11 | 23 | 13 | 1.77 | ||
Vampyrodes caraccioli | 0.71 | 0.82 | 1.14 | 21 | 13 | 1.62 | ||
Strict frugivory | Pygoderma bilabiatum | 0.54 | 0.69 | 1.27 | 22 | 11 | 2.00 | |
Hematofagy | Desmodus rotundus | 0.44 | 0.60 | 1.24 | 18 | 12 | 1.5 | |
Diphylla ecaudata | 0.51 | 0.62 | 1.23 | 19 | 13 | 1.46 | ||
Insectivory | Glyphonicteris sylvestris | 0.81 | 0.64 | 1.03 | 20 | 15 | 1.33 | |
Nectarivory | Anoura caudifer | 0.90 | 0.51 | 0.99 | 21 | 14 | 1.5 | |
Anoura geoffroyi | 0.91 | 0.52 | 0.99 | 19 | 14 | 1.36 | ||
Glossophaga commissarisi | 0.85 | 0.54 | 0.99 | 21 | 15 | 1.4 | ||
Glossophaga soricina | 0.86 | 0.54 | 0.99 | 20 | 14 | 1.43 | ||
Lonchophylla thomasi | 0.83 | 0.54 | 1.00 | 18 | 15 | 1.2 | ||
Omnivory | Lophostoma silviculum | 0.77 | 0.60 | 1.04 | 19 | 15 | 1.27 | |
Mimon benettii | 0.75 | 0.66 | 1.07 | 17 | 13 | 1.31 | ||
Gardnerycteris crenulatum | 0.72 | 0.69 | 1.01 | 17 | 15 | 1.13 | ||
Phylostomus elongatus | 0.75 | 0.70 | 1.09 | 19 | 15 | 1.27 | ||
Phylostomus hastatus | 0.74 | 0.63 | 1.09 | 19 | 14 | 1.36 | ||
Primates | NWM | Leontopithecus rosalia | 0.77 | 0.52 | 1.26 | 23 | 17 | 1.35 |
Sapajus robustus | 0.80 | 0.42 | 1.40 | 21 | 16 | 1.31 | ||
Brachytheles arachnoides | 0.80 | 0.42 | 1.34 | 21 | 16 | 1.31 | ||
Callithrix hummelifera | 0.72 | 0.51 | 1.32 | 21 | 17 | 1.24 | ||
Callithrix pygmaea | 0.72 | 0.47 | 1.26 | 19 | 16 | 1.19 | ||
Callithrix geoffroyi | 0.74 | 0.49 | 1.29 | 21 | 17 | 1.24 | ||
OWM | Pan paniscus a | 0.73 | 0.51 | 1.33 | 16 | 17 | 0.94 | |
Pan troglodites b | 0.75 | 0.51 | 1.29 | 25 | 17 | 1.47 | ||
Macaca fasciculari a | 0.88 | 0.49 | 1.32 | 24 | 17 | 1.41 | ||
Gorilla gorilla b | 0.75 | 0.46 | 1.25 | 22 | 17 | 1.29 | ||
Homo sapiens b | 0.60 | 0.47 | 1.26 | 23 | 17 | 1.35 | ||
Homo neanderthalensis c* | 0.63 | 0.49 | 1.38 | 23 | 17 | 1.35 | ||
Papio anubis b | 0.94 | 0.47 | 1.23 | 24 | 17 | 1.41 | ||