Figure 1

Shaded relief image of the accretionary prism at the Nankai Trough (a) and snapshots of the simulation results at (b) 1.4% and (c) 40% shortening. The sand particles are colored according to their initial depth (y-coordinate). The faults generated at the first thrust are denoted by the red lines in (b). The intersection of the frontal thrust with the surface is shown as a white line. The dotted line rectangle in (b) shows the area of the thin layer in Fig. 2. The thick colored lines are the SHmax orientations from (a) ocean drilling⁵ and (c) numerical modelling. The yellow lines represent sampling at a greater depth than the red lines. In numerical model, yellow denotes the average in 0.005 < y < 0.01 and the red denotes the average in 0.015 < y < 0.02. (a) was created by Google Maps³³.