Table 2 Subgroup analyses for prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in congenital ptosis.

Year of publication

Before 2000

5

0.227 (0.133, 0.386)

88.2

2000–2009

3

0.240 (0.201, 0.287)

0.0

After 2009

11

0.219 (0.163, 0.295)

84.9

Region

America

7

0.198 (0.167, 0.235)

0.0

Europe

4

0.270 (0.172, 0.424)

89.6

Asia

7

0.228 (0.155, 0.338)

88.9

Africa

1

0.250 (0.142, 0.440)

NA

Study design

Cross-sectional study

4

0.298 (0.195, 0.455)

84.6

Retrospective study

15

0.210 (0.167, 0.263)

81.1

Setting

hospital-based

17

0.222 (0.181, 0.272)

80.1

population-based

2

0.271 (0.084, 0.876)

93.6

Sample size (patients)

 < 100

10

0.237 (0.170, 0.331)

82.3

 ≥ 100

9

0.217 (0.167, 0.281)

83.6

Time span (years)

 < 10

12

0.247 (0.188, 0.323)

86.1

 ≥ 10

7

0.201 (0.168, 0.241)

24.2

Quality

4–7 (moderate quality)

13

0.208 (0.159, 0.272)

82.8

8–11 (high quality)

6

0.270 (0.199, 0.366)

80.8

Total

19

0.227 (0.185, 0.278)

82.7

Year of publication

Before 2000

4

0.240 (0.177, 0.325)

61.8

2000–2009

2

0.151 (0.113, 0.202)

0.0

After 2009

7

0.186 (0.150, 0.231)

41.9

Region

America

6

0.182 (0.127, 0.261)

68.3

Europe

3

0.195 (0.140, 0.270)

56.4

Asia

4

0.203 (0.155, 0.266)

56.0

Study design

Cross-sectional study

4

0.270 (0.209, 0.349)

28.5

Retrospective study

9

0.177 (0.155, 0.201)

6.0

Setting

hospital-based

11

0.200 (0.165, 0.242)

62.3

population-based

2

0.162 (0.109, 0.241)

0.0

Sample size (patients)

<100

7

0.198 (0.150, 0.261)

44.5

≥100

6

0.193 (0.153, 0.244)

70.1

Time span (years)

<10

8

0.214 (0.167, 0.273)

62.2

≥10

5

0.170 (0.144, 0.200)

0.0

Quality

4–7 (moderate quality)

8

0.182 (0.159, 0.208)

3.5

8–11 (high quality)

5

0.217 (0.152, 0.310)

71.4

Total

13

0.196 (0.165, 0.232)

56.9