Figure 1

Location of conifer populations (colored circles for different species) used in this study. Test populations cover main ecozones in the Pacific Northwest, including areas of Alaska Coast (Southern Alaska and Alaska panhandle), BC Coast (coastal British Columbia), Central Coast (coastal Washington, Oregon and northern California), South Coast (coastal California south of San Francisco), Boreal (the Yukon, British Columbia and interior northern Alberta), N. Rockies (interior southern British Columbia), Central Rockies (Rocky mountains in Idaho, Montana and Wyoming), S. Rockies (Rocky mountains in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah), Intermountain (interior Oregon and Washington), Sierra Nevada (inland California), and Great Plains (foothills east of the Rocky Mountains). General climate features in aforementioned ecozones50: late summer drought is typical throughout most of the interior of the region, particularly for parts of the Intermountain and the Boreal, but along the BC Coast and in the N. Rockies, water is not a selective stressor because ample precipitation fully recharges the soil profile and transpiration does not exhaust this reservoir during the growing season. The mountains of Central and S. Coasts are buffered from temperature extremes, whereas diurnal variation increases with elevation and with movement inland. High evaporative demand in the summer is typical in Sierra and Nevada, and Central and S. Rockies regions remain cool throughout the year. The map was generated on ArcMap ver. 10.5.1 at http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/.