Figure 5
IFT is enhanced by starvation in a TTLL-4-dependent manner. (a–d) Result of IFT velocity analysis. (a,b) Motility of KAP-1::GFP within cilia of wild-type animals (upper) and ttll-4 mutants (lower). Left: histogram of transport velocities. The number of particles moving at the indicated ranges of velocity is shown. Right: fluorescence micrographs with corresponding schematic showing lines used to generate kymographs along the MS. Kymographs and corresponding lines show that motility after starvation is faster than that of the untreated condition. (e) Box and whisker distribution plots of IFT velocities in well-fed (blue) and starved (red) worms. Boxes indicate quartiles. Whiskers indicate minimum and maximum. Black lines in each box indicate means and the lines of the same colour in each box indicate median. The enhancement of IFT velocity is ttll-4- and pmk-1-dependent. The phenotype of ttll-4 mutants is rescued by exogenous expression of wild-type TTLL-4. However, a phospho-null form of TTLL-4 cannot rescue the ttll-4 phenotypes. Velocities derived from multiple kymographs (in bracket) and the number of particles measured were as follows: well-fed wild-type: 45 (10), starved: 26 (5), well-fed ttll-4: 45 (8), starved ttll-4: 41(5), well-fed ttll-4 + che-2::TTLL-4(Wild-type): 45(10), starved ttll-4 + che-2::TTLL-4(Wild-type): 45(10), well-fed ttll-4 + che-2::TTLL-4(T446A): 45(10), starved ttll-4 + che-2::TTLL-4(T446A): 45(10), well-fed pmk-1: 45(5), and starved pmk-1: 50(10). Double asterisks (**p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney’s U test compared with well-fed worms) indicate significant difference as compared with the velocities between well-fed and starved animals (e). Numbers of animals measured are indicated (e, bottom). n.s.: not significant difference between well-fed and starved worms.
