Figure 1

ATR-002, but not CI-1040, decreases intracellular bacterial titres. A549 cells were pre-treated (a,b,d,e) with 10 µM CI-1040, ATR-002 or solvent (DMSO) for 60 min and then infected with IV (H7N7) at a MOI of 0.001 at 37 °C. Alternatively, cells were left untreated (c,f) and infected with IV (H1N1) at a MOI of 0.01 at 37 °C. After 30 min the virus dilution was removed, cells were rinsed with PBS and supplemented with invasion medium with or without S. aureus 6850 (6850) (MOI 0.1) in the presence of 10 µM CI-1040, ATR-002 or solvent control. 3 h post bacterial infection cells were treated with lysostaphin (2 µg/mL) for 20 min to remove extracellular bacteria. Cells were then washed and supplemented with infection medium containing the inhibitor or solvent. After a total incubation period of 24 h (post viral infection) viral (a–c) and intracellular bacterial titres (d–f) were analysed. Results represent means + SD of three individual experiments. Statistical significance was evaluated by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001).