Table 3 Risk of incident pancreatic cancer according to drug exposure in the diabetes group.

From: The influence of diabetes and antidiabetic medications on the risk of pancreatic cancer: a nationwide population-based study in Korea

 

Number of subjects

Number of events

Follow-up period

Incidence rate

Duration of diabetes

Number of exposed ADM

Multivariate-adjusted HR* (95% CI)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Non-metformin

277,797

1,076

1,021,837.2

1.05

3.7

0.3

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

Metformin

688,656

1,839

2,734,540.1

0.67

4.0

2.1

0.75 (0.70–0.81)

0.79 (0.73–0.85)

0.86 (0.77–0.96)

Non-sulfonylurea

591,227

1,629

2,184,190.8

0.75

3.7

1.0

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

Sulfonylurea

375,226

1,286

1,572,186.5

0.82

4.2

2.5

1.16 (1.08–1.25)

1.19 (1.10–1.28)

1.73 (1.57–1.91)

Non-meglitinide

955,615

2,881

3,708,855.1

0.78

3.9

1.6

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

Meglitinide

10,838

34

47,522.2

0.72

4.4

2.8

0.81 (0.56–1.14)

0.78 (0.60–1.10)

0.88 (0.63–1.24)

Non-TZD

902,728

2,786

3,479,655.1

0.80

3.9

1.5

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

TZD

63,725

129

276,722.2

0.47

4.3

3.1

0.70 (0.59–0.84)

0.71 (0.60–0.85)

0.82 (0.68–0.98)

Non-DPP4i

622,982

2,283

2,366,181.4

0.96

3.8

1.0

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

DPP4i

343,471

632

1,390,195.9

0.45

4.0

2.6

0.60 (0.55–0.65)

0.61 (0.56–0.66)

0.57 (0.51–0.64)

Non-AGI

921,298

2,735

3,553,743.7

0.77

3.9

1.5

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

AGI

45,155

180

202,633.6

0.89

4.5

3.0

1.09 (0.94–1.27)

1.09 (0.93–1.26)

1.29 (1.10–1.51)

Non-insulin

965,327

2,907

3,751,570.0

0.77

3.9

1.6

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

1 (ref.)

Insulin

1,126

8

4,807.4

1.66

4.3

2.9

2.93 (1.47–5.87)

2.52 (1.26–5.04)

2.86 (1.43–5.74)

  1. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95%confidence intervals.
  2. Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 is the same as model 1 plus an adjustment for chronic pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, biliary disease, alcoholism, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, income of lowest quartile, and place of residence. Model 3 is the same as model 2 plus an adjustment for the number of different exposed anti-diabetic medications.
  3. No, number; ADM, anti-diabetic medication; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; AGI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; TZD, thiazolidinedione; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; AGI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor.
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