Table 2 Univariate linear regression analyses between lumbar spine L2-4, femoral neck and total hip BMD and participants’ characteristics.

Variables	Lumbar spine L2-4		Femoral neck		Total hip
Variables	B	p-value	B	p-value	B	p-value
Age (years)	−0.001	0.424	−0.007	<*0.001*	−0.006	<*0.001*
Age at menopause (years)^a	0.003	*0.060*	0.002	*0.091*	0.001	0.213
BMI (kg/m²)	0.008	<*0.001*	0.005	*0.001*	0.008	<*0.001*
Dietary calcium intake (mg/day)	−0.00003	0.255	0.00003	0.219	0.00002	0.479
Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L)^b	0.001	0.234	0.001	*0.027*	0.001	*0.017*
Previous calcium supplementation	0.017	0.670	0.037	0.218	0.001	0.974
Previous vitamin D supplementation	−0.028	0.400	−0.013	0.611	−0.009	0.746
Diabetes	0.039	*0.034*	−0.009	0.540	0.015	0.316
Exercise	0.013	0.344	0.015	0.135	0.016	0.151
Previous osteoporotic fractures^c	−0.017	0.135	−0.011	0.217	−0.010	0.283
Nighttime sleep duration (h)	−0.003	0.560	−0.001	0.872	0.000	0.954
Reported daytime napping	−0.013	0.397	−0.001	0.929	−0.008	0.501
Daytime napping duration per week (h)	0.000	0.801	−0.001	0.413	−0.012	0.188
Daytime napping frequency per week	0.000	0.881	−0.003	0.141	−0.003	*0.089*

BMI, body mass index; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D = 386; ^bn = 383; ^call of osteoporotic fractures were wrist fractures. Bolded values indicate statistical significance at p < 0.1.

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