Table 1 Traits associated with social complexity.
From: Insects with similar social complexity show convergent patterns of adaptive molecular evolution
Trait | Apis | Bombus | Polistes |
|---|---|---|---|
Reproductive Division of Labour | Present | Present | Present |
Cooperative Brood Care | Present | Present | Present |
Overlapping Generations | Present | Present | Present |
Founding | Swarm | Foundress | Foundress |
Colony Size | Large | Small | Small |
Gynes | Absent | Present | Present |
Dominance Hierarchy | Absent | Present | Present |
Overwintering | Colony | Solitary | Aggregation |
Caste Divergence | High | Intermediate | Low |
Totipotent Workers | Absent | Absent | Present |
