Figure 1

Structure of chelating agents of increasing length and increasing ratio of hydroxyl to carboxyl groups (top). Corresponding temperature-resolved XRD patterns of BiFeO3 synthesized (bottom) – left, tartronic acid; middle, tartaric acid; right, mucic acid. The longer the carbon backbone, the lower the temperature required to form bismuth ferrite, albeit with phase impurities. The BiFeO3 reference pattern corresponds to ICSD #15299 and the extra peak denoted by ■ at 2θ ≈ 32.2° belongs to the Bi25FeO39 phase.