Table 1 Ratio of hydroxyl groups to carboxyl groups and lowest crystallisation temperature to form BiFeO3 for each of the chelating agents used in this study. With mucic acid, the sample ignited as soon as the solution had evaporated at approximately 160 °C.

From: Preparation from a revisited wet chemical route of phase-pure, monocrystalline and SHG-efficient BiFeO3 nanoparticles for harmonic bio-imaging

Chelating agent

Tartronic acid

Tartaric acid

Mucic acid

-OH:-COOH

1:2

1:1

2:1

Lowest annealing temperatura (30 min annealing)

>500 °C

<450 °C

<350 °C

  1. Upon reaching 350 °C, BiFeO3 becomes the dominant phase.
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