Table 1 Safe exfoliating agents employed in the literature and its performance (i.e. production rate, defect level and demonstrated application).
Ref. | Exfoliation agents | Production method | Reported no. of graphene layers | Graphene production rate (yield) in g/h | Raman D/G | Is application demonstrated? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gum arabic | Sonication | 5–20 | ~6 × 10−3 | ~0.25 (633 nm) | No | |
Cyrene | Sonication and centrifuging | Mono to few layer graphene (<10) | 0.06 | 0.20 | No | |
Pluronic/tetronics | Sonication | 1 to ∼10 layers | 1.1 × 10−3 | 0.9 (514 nm) | No | |
Current work | Curcumin/tetrahydro curcumin/quercetin | Planetary ball milling and Sand Grinder | Bilayers to few and multi layers | 45/20/10 | ≤ 0.54/ ≤ 0.23/ ≤ 0.11 (514 nm) | Produced biocompatible thin film (NR latex) nanocomposite |
