Table 1 Clinical and biochemical profiles of female T2DM patients and non-DM normal subjects.

Age (years)

62.3 ± 13.2

53.2 ± 10.0

<0.001

DM duration (years)

11.5 (5.0–20.0)

—

—

BMI (kg/m²)

26.9 ± 6.0

21.5 ± 3.1

<0.001

Hand grip strength (kg)

17.0 ± 5.7

25.1 ± 5.4

<0.001

Serum Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.68 (0.55–0.83)

0.61 (0.55–0.67)

<0.001

Serum Albumin (g/dL)

4.0 ± 0.4

4.5 ± 0.2

<0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

64.7 (53.4–86.2)

79.3 (69.5–89.0)

<0.001

FPG (mg/dL)

123 ± 33

—

—

HbA1c (%)

8.4 ± 1.6

5.3 ± 0.3

<0.001

Serum Calcium (mg/dL)

9.3 (9.0–9.6)

—

—

Serum Phospohorus (mg/dL)

3.9 (3.7–4.2)

—

—

LD-100, 5.5% distal radius

  Trabecular BMD (Z-score)

0.14 (−0.58–0.80)

−0.23 (−0.82-0.35)

<0.001

  Cortical thickness (Z-score)

−0.48 (−1.38 – 0.38)

−0.07 (−0.47–0.74)

<0.001