Table 4 Hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality according to weight categories from Cox regressions.

From: The association between BMI and mortality using early adulthood BMI as an instrumental variable for midlife BMI

CVD mortality

Model 1

Model 2

HR (95% CI)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 3

Men

Women

Midlife

   Underweight

2.54 (1.21, 5.35)

2.24 (1.06, 4.72)

2.38 (1.12, 5.05)

2.45 (1.45, 5.25)

2.23 (1.04, 4.80)

2.09 (0.96, 4.51)

   Normal weight

1

1

1

1

1

1

   Overweight

1.10 (0.98, 1.24)

1.05 (0.94, 1.19)

0.92 (0.82, 1.04)

1.19 (0.86, 1.66)

1.11 (0.80, 1.54)

0.88 (0.63, 1.24)

   Obesity

2.40 (2.08, 2.77)

2.18 (1.88, 2.51)

1.46 (1.25, 1.70)

2.31 (1.55, 3.44)

2.00 (1.34, 2.97)

1.21 (0.78, 1.89)

Early adulthood

   Underweight

1.16 (0.93, 1.45)

1.12 (0.89, 1.39)

1.17 (0.94, 1.46)

1.11 (0.64, 1.92)

1.02 (0.59, 1.77)

1.07 (0.62, 1.86)

   Normal weight

1

1

1

1

1

1

   Overweight

1.92 (1.63, 2.36)

1.79 (1.52, 2.11)

1.37 (1.16, 1.62)

1.32 (0.86, 2.01)

1.20 (0.79, 1.84)

0.95 (0.62, 1.46)

   Obesity

4.41 (3.12, 6.23)

3.86 (2.73, 5.45)

2.70 (1.88, 3.78)

3.79 (1.78, 1.10)

3.06 (1.44, 6.50)

1.81 (0.82, 3.97)

All-cause

Men

Women

Midlife

   Underweight

3.09 (2.25, 4.25)

2.77 (2.01, 3.81)

2.49 (1.81, 3.43)

1.93 (1.46, 2.55)

1.85 (1.40, 2.44)

1.61 (1.22, 2.13)

   Normal weight

1

1

1

1

1

1

   Overweight

0.95 (0.90, 1.01)

0.93 (0.87, 0.98)

0.91 (0.86, 0.96)

1.00 (0.90, 1.13)

0.97 (0.86, 1.08)

0.94 (0.84, 1.06)

   Obesity

1.49 (1.38, 1.61)

1.37 (0.27, 1.49)

1.19 (1.09, 1.29)

1.56 (1.34, 1.82)

1.45 (1.24, 1.69)

1.33 (1.13, 1.56)

Early adulthood

   Underweight

1.14 (1.02, 1.27)

1.11 (0.99, 1.23)

1.10 (0.98, 1.22)

0.10 (0.91, 1.32)

1.05 (0.87, 1.27)

1.03 (0.86, 1.24)

   Normal weight

1

1

1

1

1

1

   Overweight

1.45 (1.33, 1.59)

1.37 (1.25, 1.50)

1.21 (1.11, 1.33)

1.25 (1.08, 1.45)

1.19 (1.03, 1.38)

1.10 (0.94, 1.27)

   Obesity

2.47 (0.97, 3.09)

2.20 (1.76, 2.75)

1.82 (1.45, 2.27)

2.26 (1.62, 3.14)

2.01 (1.45, 2.81)

1.71 (1.22, 2.38)

  1. Model 1: crude, Model 2: adjusted for education, Model 3: adjusted for education and risk factors. P-value for difference in observational estimates and IV estimates <0.01 for all-cause mortality among women and men, and cardiovascular mortality among men.
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