Table 1 General characteristics of the participants.
Characteristics | Study I (1:4 matching) | Study II (1:2 matching) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression (n, %) | Control I (n, %) | P-value | GERD (n, %) | Control II (n, %) | P-value | |
Age (years old) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
20–24 | 3,851 (6.3) | 15,404 (6.3) | 4,526 (3.4) | 9,052 (3.4) | ||
25–29 | 4,553 (7.5) | 18,212 (7.5) | 7,277 (5.5) | 14,554 (5.5) | ||
30–34 | 5,243 (8.6) | 20,972 (8.6) | 10,098 (7.6) | 20,196 (7.6) | ||
35–39 | 5,807 (9.5) | 23,228 (9.5) | 12,797 (9.6) | 25,594 (9.6) | ||
40–44 | 6,176 (10.1) | 24,704 (10.1) | 16,652 (12.5) | 33,304 (12.5) | ||
45–49 | 6,466 (10.6) | 25,864 (10.6) | 17,632 (13.2) | 35,264 (13.2) | ||
50–54 | 6,208 (10.2) | 24,832 (10.2) | 17,674 (13.3) | 35,348 (13.3) | ||
55–59 | 5,061 (8.3) | 20,244 (8.3) | 13,888 (10.4) | 27,776 (10.4) | ||
60–64 | 4,740 (7.8) | 18,960 (7.8) | 11,943 (9.0) | 23,886 (9.0) | ||
65–69 | 4,606 (7.6) | 18,424 (7.6) | 9,294 (7.0) | 18,588 (7.0) | ||
70–74 | 3,861 (6.3) | 15,444 (6.3) | 6,380 (4.8) | 12,760 (4.8) | ||
75–79 | 2,444 (4.0) | 9,776 (4.0) | 3,218 (2.4) | 6,436 (2.4) | ||
80–84 | 1,294 (2.1) | 5,176 (2.1) | 1,249 (0.9) | 2,498 (0.9) | ||
85+ | 647 (1.1) | 2,588 (1.1) | 461 (0.3) | 922 (0.3) | ||
Sex | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Male | 20,776 (34.1) | 83,104 (34.1) | 60,503 (45.5) | 121,006 (45.5) | ||
Female | 40,181 (65.9) | 160,724 (65.9) | 72,586 (54.5) | 145,172 (54.5) | ||
Income | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
1 (lowest) | 886 (1.5) | 3,544 (1.5) | 3,087 (2.3) | 6,174 (2.3) | ||
2 | 4,473 (7.3) | 17,892 (7.3) | 8,842 (6.6) | 17,684 (6.6) | ||
3 | 4,202 (6.9) | 16,808 (6.9) | 8,859 (6.7) | 17,718 (6.7) | ||
4 | 4,218 (6.9) | 16,872 (6.9) | 9,151 (6.9) | 18,302 (6.9) | ||
5 | 4,760 (7.8) | 19,040 (7.8) | 10,008 (7.5) | 20,016 (7.5) | ||
6 | 5,081 (8.3) | 20,324 (8.3) | 11,122 (8.4) | 22,244 (8.4) | ||
7 | 5,414 (8.9) | 21,656 (8.9) | 12,716 (9.6) | 25,432 (9.6) | ||
8 | 6,101 (10.0) | 24,404 (10.0) | 13,912 (10.5) | 27,824 (10.5) | ||
9 | 7,017 (11.5) | 28,068 (11.5) | 16,163 (12.1) | 32,326 (12.1) | ||
10 | 8,558 (14.0) | 34,232 (14.0) | 18,379 (13.8) | 36,758 (13.8) | ||
11 (highest) | 10,247 (16.8) | 40,988 (16.8) | 20,850 (15.7) | 41,700 (15.7) | ||
Region of residence | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Urban | 27,882 (45.7) | 111,528 (45.7) | 61,912 (46.5) | 123,824 (46.5) | ||
Rural | 33,075 (54.3) | 132,300 (54.3) | 71,177 (53.5) | 142,354 (53.5) | ||
Hypertension | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 22,530 (37.0) | 90,120 (37.0) | 47,429 (35.6) | 94,858 (35.6) | ||
No | 38,427 (63.0) | 153,708 (63.0) | 85,660 (64.4) | 171,320 (64.4) | ||
Diabetes | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 12,125 (19.9) | 48,500 (19.9) | 24,412 (18.3) | 48,824 (18.3) | ||
No | 48,832 (80.1) | 195,328 (80.1) | 108,677 (81.7) | 217,354 (81.7) | ||
Dyslipidemia | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 17,836 (29.3) | 71,344 (29.3) | 41,603 (31.3) | 83,206 (31.3) | ||
No | 43,121 (70.7) | 172,484 (70.7) | 91,486 (68.7) | 182,972 (68.7) | ||
Ischemic heart disease | <0.001* | <0.001* | ||||
Yes | 4,575 (7.5) | 14,029 (5.8) | 9,054 (6.8) | 14,200 (5.3) | ||
No | 56,382 (92.5) | 229,799 (94.2) | 124,035 (93.2) | 251,978 (94.7) | ||
Cerebral stroke | 0.013* | <0.001* | ||||
Yes | 8,377 (13.7) | 23,004 (9.4) | 12,808 (9.6) | 23,214 (8.7) | ||
No | 52,580 (86.3) | 220,824 (90.6) | 120,281 (90.4) | 242,964 (91.3) | ||
GERD | <0.001* | |||||
Yes | 9,959 (16.3) | 21,963 (9.0) | N/A | N/A | ||
No | 50,998 (83.7) | 221,865 (91.0) | N/A | N/A | ||
Depression | <0.001* | |||||
Yes | N/A | N/A | 7,625 (5.7) | 10,474 (3.9) | ||
No | N/A | N/A | 125,464 (94.3) | 255,704 (96.1) | ||
