Table 3 Effects of infant formula composition on plasma lipid profile and metabolic outcomes of the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) of adult PL, DL and DL + Lf pigs.

Lipid profile (mmol/l)	PL	DL	DL + Lf	p-value
Lipid profile (mmol/l)	PL	DL	DL + Lf	Diet effect
NEFA	0.63 ± 0.03	0.66 ± 0.05	0.58 ± 0.07	0.61
Cholesterol*	2.99 ± 0.17	2.89 ± 0.14	2.92 ± 0.14	0.36
HDL-cholesterol	1.24 ± 0.08	1.23 ± 0.12	1.12 ± 0.11	0.55
Triglycerides	0.28 ± 0.03	0.29 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.04	0.70
Fasting glucose metabolism
Glucose (mmol/l)	5.43 ± 0.10	5.16 ± 0.15	5.48 ± 0.15	0.24
Insulin (µIU/ml)	28.3 ± 3.2	32.9 ± 3.1	29.2 ± 3.1	0.38
HOMA-IR	6.83 ± 0.77	7.63 ± 0.88	7.14 ± 0.79	0.63
Metabolic outcomes
Incremental glucose AUC (iAUCG, mmol/l)	130 ± 5	148 ± 10	138 ± 10	0.23
Incremental insulin AUC* (iAUCI, µIU/ml)	3339 ± 234	3221 ± 256	3384 ± 435	0.43
AIR _0–6min (µIU/ml)	145 ± 10	129 ± 8	139 ± 10	0.45
K_G* (% glucose disappearance/min)	4.81 ± 0.24	4.56 ± 0.34	4.66 ± 0.37	0.56
Incremental insulin AUC/
Incremental glucose AUC*	25.7 ± 1.5	22.1 ± 1.8	24.3 ± 2.4	0.17
S₂* (min⁻¹.(µIU. ml⁻¹)⁻¹)	4.85 ± 0.35	4.46 ± 0.62	5.08 ± 1.00	0.44
S_I* (10^–4.min⁻¹.(µIU.ml⁻¹)⁻¹)	5.01 ± 0.51	5.39 ± 1.17	6.00 ± 1.45	0.15
S_G (10⁻².min⁻¹)	3.22 ± 0.46	2.82 ± 0.09	3.14 ± 0.38	0.90

Formulas contained as lipids either: only plant lipids (PL, n = 9), a half-half mixture of plant and dairy lipids (DL, n = 6–8) or a half-half mixture of plant and dairy lipids supplemented with Lf (DL + Lf, n = 6–7). NEFA, Non-Esterified Fatty Acids; HDL-cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, Low-density Lipoproteins; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; AUC, area under the curve; AIR, acute insulin response; K_G, rate of glucose disappearance; S₂ and S_I, insulin sensitivity indexes; S_G, glucose efficiency index. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM.
*A sexual dimorphism was observed: cholesterol level (p < 0.01) was higher in females than in males, AUC and Incremental insulin AUC/incremental glucose AUC were increased and K_G, S₂ and S_I decreased in in males compared to females (p < 0.05).

Search