Figure 3

Viruses transmitted by R. maidis and R. padi increased the availability of nutrients in wheat leaves relative to control plants consisting of uninhabited virus-free plants (Dunnett’s test comparing each nutrient type to control group, * = differences at α = 0.05–0.01; ** = differences at α = 0.01–0.001; *** = differences at α ≤ 0.0001). (a) Simple sugars, (b) total sterols, and amino acids: (c) essential, (d) non-essential for aphids (N = 4).