Table 1 Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics based on the presence of NAFLD and/or MetS.

From: The impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome on the progression of coronary artery calcification

 

Total

NAFLD(−)MetS(−)

NAFLD(+)MetS(−)

NAFLD(−)MetS(+)

NAFLD(+)MetS(+)

P

N (%)

1,173

526 (44.8)

272 (23.2)

103 (8.8)

272 (23.2)

 

Age (years)

54.1 ± 7.4

54.1 ± 7.4

53.4 ± 7.1

55.5 ± 8.4

54.4 ± 7.4

0.079

Sex (% male)

81.5

72.2a

91.2b

79.6a

90.4b

<0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

25.0 ± 3.0

23.5 ± 2.4

25.2 ± 2.4a

26.1 ± 4.2a

27.1 ± 2.5

<0.001

WC (cm)

87.0 ± 8.2

82.4 ± 7.1

88.2 ± 6.4a

90.5 ± 8.1a

93.1 ± 6.6

<0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

119.5 ± 12.9

116.3 ± 12.4

119.0 ± 11.8

123.6 ± 13.8a

124.6 ± 12.5a

<0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

76.6 ± 10.6

74.2 ± 10.3

76.5 ± 9.6a

78.4 ± 11.4ab

80.7 ± 10.5b

<0.001

Current smoker (%)

27.4

22.1

29.0a

32.0a

34.2a

<0.001

Moderate drinker (%)

53.1

47.3a

54.0ab

58.3b

61.4b

<0.001

Physically active (%)

43.6

48.5a

41.9ab

47.6a

34.6b

0.001

Family history of diabetes (%)

24.0

22.2

24.3

20.4

28.7

0.080

Diabetes (n, %)

155 (13.2)

29 (5.5)

40 (14.7)a

20 (19.4)ab

66 (24.3)b

<0.001

Hypertension (n, %)

393 (33.5)

107 (20.3)a

65 (23.9)a

63 (61.2)b

158 (58.1)b

<0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

5.8 ± 1.0

5.5 ± 0.8

5.8 ± 1.0a

6.0 ± 0.9ab

6.3 ± 1.2b

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.5 (5.3–5.9)

5.4 (5.2–5.7)

5.5 (5.3–5.9)a

5.7 (5.4–6.0)ab

5.7 (5.5–6.2)b

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.2 ± 0.8

5.2 ± 0.8

5.2 ± 0.8

5.0 ± 0.8

5.2 ± 0.9

0.070

TG (mmol/L)

1.3 (1.0–1.8)

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

1.4 (1.1–1.7)

1.8 (1.1–2.3)

2.0 (1.4–2.6)

<0.001

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.3 ± 0.7

3.2 ± 0.7

3.3 ± 0.7

3.1 ± 0.8

3.3 ± 0.8

0.035

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.3 ± 0.3

1.5 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3a

1.2 ± 0.3ab

1.1 ± 0.2b

<0.001

Uric acid (µmol/L)

345.9 ± 83.0

319.6 ± 76.5

363.2 ± 77.5ab

347.4 ± 90.9a

378.7 ± 81.5b

<0.001

AST (U/L)

25 (22–31)

24 (21–29)a

27 (22–34)bc

25 (21–30)ab

28 (23–35)c

<0.001

ALT (U/L)

23 (17–31)

19 (15–24)

27 (19–37)

23 (17–28)

30 (22–41)

<0.001

GGT (U/L)

25 (17–40)

19 (13–30)

28 (19–42)a

32 (18–48)a

34 (24–49)

<0.001

HsCRP (mg/L)

0.6 (0.3–1.3)

0.5 (0.3–1.1)

0.6 (0.4–1.3)a

0.7 (0.4–1.5)ab

0.9 (0.5–1.6)b

<0.001

10-year FRS (%)

6.0 (3.0–10.0)

5.0 (2.0–8.0)

6.0 (4.0–10.0)a

10.0 (4.0–12.0)ab

10.0 (6.0–12.0)b

<0.001

10-year ASCVD risk score (%)

5.5 (2.7–9.7)

4.0 (1.8–7.5)

5.6 (2.9–9.6)

6.9 (3.6–13.5)a

8.5 (5.1–13.1)a

<0.001

Baseline CAC score

0.0 (0.0–21.3)

0.0 (0.0–10.0)

0.0 (0.0–19.0)

1.0 (0.0–94.0)a

1.0 (0.0–57.5)a

<0.001

Last follow-up CAC score

0.6 (0.0–47.9)

0.0 (0.0–26.1)

1.5 (0.0–47.2)

7.0 (0.0–146.0)

9.0 (0.0–112.2)

<0.001

Follow-up interval (years)

3.0 (2.0–3.8)

3.0 (2.1–3.9)

2.9 (2.0–4.0)

2.8 (1.8–3.4)

2.9 (2.1–3.6)

0.132

  1. BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; HsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ASCVD, atherosclerotic CVD; CAC, coronary artery calcification.
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