Table 3 Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics based on the CAC score progression.

From: The impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome on the progression of coronary artery calcification

 

Total

Non-progressor

Progressor

P

N (%)

1,173

881

292

 

Age (years)

54.1 ± 7.4

53.4 ± 7.1

56.3 ± 8.0

<0.001

Sex (% male)

81.5

78.1

91.8

<0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

25.0 ± 3.0

24.8 ± 3.1

25.4 ± 2.5

0.002

WC (cm)

87.0 ± 8.2

86.2 ± 8.4

89.1 ± 7.3

<0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

119.5 ± 12.9

118.5 ± 12.4

122.4 ± 13.7

<0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

76.6 ± 10.6

76.1 ± 10.4

78.3 ± 10.9

0.002

Current smoker (%)

27.4

25.2

33.9

0.004

Moderate drinker (%)

53.1

51.4

58.2

0.044

Physically active (%)

43.6

42.2

47.9

0.088

Family history of diabetes (%)

24.0

23.6

25.3

0.548

Diabetes (n, %)

155 (13.2)

98 (11.1)

57 (19.5)

<0.001

Hypertension (n, %)

393 (33.5)

262 (29.7)

131 (44.9)

<0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

5.8 ± 1.0

5.7 ± 1.0

6.0 ± 1.1

0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.5 (5.3–5.9)

5.5 (5.3–5.8)

5.6 (5.3–6.0)

0.003

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.2 ± 0.8

5.2 ± 0.8

5.1 ± 0.9

0.590

TG (mmol/L)

1.3 (1.0–1.8)

1.3 (0.9–1.8)

1.4 (1.0–1.9)

0.027

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.3 ± 0.7

3.3 ± 0.7

3.3 ± 0.7

0.747

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.3 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3

0.003

Uric acid (µmol/L)

345.9 ± 83.0

341.5 ± 83.6

359.0 ± 80.0

0.002

AST (U/L)

25 (22–31)

25 (21–31)

27 (23–33)

0.002

ALT (U/L)

23 (17–31)

22 (17–31)

24 (19–34)

0.002

GGT (U/L)

25 (17–40)

24 (16–38)

30 (20–43)

<0.001

HsCRP (mg/L)

0.6 (0.3–1.3)

0.6 (0.3–1.3)

0.7 (0.4–1.4)

0.100

10-year FRS (%)

6.0 (3.0–10.0)

6.0 (2.0–10.0)

10.0 (6.0–12.0)

<0.001

10-year ASCVD risk score (%)

5.5 (2.7–9.7)

4.7 (2.3–8.7)

8.0 (4.8–13.4)

<0.001

Baseline CAC score

0 (0–21)

0 (0–10)

11 (0–93)

<0.001

Last follow-up CAC score

1 (0–48)

0 (0–15)

64 (10–226)

<0.001

Baseline CAC score category

   

<0.001

0 (n, %)

 

573 (65.0)

105 (36.0)

 

>0 (n, %)

 

308 (35.0)

187 (64.1)

 

Follow-up interval (years)

3.0 (2.0–3.8)

2.9 (2.0–3.6)

3.1 (2.4–4.0)

<0.001

  1. BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; HsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ASCVD, atherosclerotic CVD; CAC, coronary artery calcification.
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