Figure 2
Assessment of GSK-3 distribution under various FUS and GSK-3 inhibitor treatment combinations. (A) Representative GSK-staining observed from wild type group (n = 3), control group (n = 3), FUS alone group (n = 6), GSK-3 inhibitor (AR) alone group (n = 6), combined treatment group (n = 9). (B) Quantitative analysis among groups in cortex (represented as the ratio of the GSK-3 immunoreactive area to the selected cortex region). Relative distribution was analyzed to 1.4 ± 0.07%, 1.14 ± 0.07%, 1.03 ± 0.06%, 0.48 ± 0.03%, and 0.21 ± 0.06% in wild type, control, FUS-alone, AR-alone, and AR + FUS group, respectively. AR alone groups showed significant inhibitions between control group (p < 0.001) and FUS-alone group (p < 0.001), whereas AR + FUS groups also showed significant differences between control group (p < 0.001), FUS-alone group (p < 0.001), and AR-alone group (p < 0.01). Control group showed a significant difference between the wild type group (p < 0.05). (C) Quantitative analysis among groups in hippocampus. The ratio of GSK-3 immunoreactive area to the whole hippocampus region showing the relative distribution of 0.45 ± 0.03%, 0.31 ± 0.02%, 0.29 ± 0.04%, 0.24 ± 0.04%, and 0.12 ± 0.01% in wild type, control, FUS-alone, AR-alone, and AR + FUS group, respectively. AR + FUS group showed significant differences between control group (p < 0.001), FUS alone (p < 0.01) as well as AR alone group (p < 0.05). Control group also showed a significant difference compared to the wild type group (p < 0.01). AR = AR-A014418; FUS = focused ultrasound. Scale bar = 500 μm.
