Figure 4
Cephalometric landmarks used in the present study. For each MRI dataset, 27 cephalometric landmarks were determined on multiplanar images. The 3D skull segmentation shown in this figure was generated from 3D MRI of volunteer #2 using Amira software (Version 6.4.0, Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA). Definitions of cephalometric landmarks: N = Nasion (most anterior point of the frontonasal suture); S = Sella (geometric center of the pituitary fossa); Ba = Basion (lowest point on the anterior border of the foramen magnum); CoL/CoR = left/right Condylion (most superior point of Condyle); GoL/GoR = Left/right Gonion (midpoint on the curvature of the angle of the mandible); PoL/PoR = Left/right Porion (Most superior point of the external auditory meatus); OrL = Left Orbitale (most inferior point on the infraorbital margin); ZL/ZR = Left/right Zygion (Most lateral point of the zygomatic arch); ANS = Anterior nasal spine; PNS = Posterior nasal spine; A = Point A (point of maximum midline concavity on the maxilla); B = Point B (point of maximum midline concavity on the mandibular symphysis); Pg = Pogonion (most anterior point of mandibular symphysis); Me = Menton (most inferior point of mandibular symphysis); Gn = Gnathion (Midpoint between Pg and Me); U1tL/U1tR = Tip of the crown of the left/right first upper incisor; U1aL/U1aR = Apex of the left/right first upper incisor; L1tL/L1tR = Tip of the crown of the left/right first lower incisor; L1aL/L1aR = Apex of the left/right first lower incisor; Definitions of planes: N_ANS_PNS = Midsagittal plane defined by the landmarks N, ANS and PNS; PoL_PoR_OrL = Frankfort horizontal plane defined by the landmarks PoL, PoR and OrL.
