Table 3 Position and area under the de-convoluted peaks of different elements observed in high resolution XPS spectra of 5C800, 7C800, 10C800 and 11C800.

Element	Group	FWHM (eV)	5C800		7C800		10C800		11C800		Ref.
Element	Group	FWHM (eV)	Position (eV)	Vol. fract. (%)	Position (eV)	Vol. fract. (%)	Position (eV)	Vol. fract. (%)	Position (eV)	Vol. fract. (%)	Ref.
Nb_3d	NbC	1.23	203.65	4.66	203.60	2.90	203.63	13.72	203.67	7.17	^{59, 60}
	NbC	1.23	206.39	4.66	206.34	2.90	206.37	13.72	206.41	7.17
	NbC_xO_y	1.21	—	—	204.72	2.65	204.91	4.54	204.94	2.09
	NbC_xO_y	1.21	—	—	207.46	2.65	207.65	4.54	207.68	2.09
	NbO₂	1.26	207.25	67.84	206.90	55.32	207.14	53.44	206.83	64.58
	NbO₂	1.26	209.99	67.84	209.64	55.32	209.88	53.44	209.57	64.58
	Nb₂O₅	2.51	207.58	27.50	207.37	39.13	207.52	28.28	207.54	26.16
	Nb₂O₅	2.51	210.32	27.50	210.11	39.13	210.26	28.28	210.28	26.16
	Nb content (%)		8.49		11.74		11.54		10.38
C_1s	C-Nb	1.35	282.85	2.15	282.81	2.91	282.79	3.35	282.78	3.44	^{60, 61}
	C sp.²	1.08	284.40	56.10	284.40	54.10	284.40	59.39	284.40	51.60	^{59, 62}
	C sp.³	1.43	285.01	18.72	285.08	23.57	285.13	18.99	284.92	25.84	^{62, 63}
	C-OH	1.87	286.01	12.99	286.46	4.50	286.32	7.72	286.40	7.80
	COOH	3.32	288.22	5.49	288.02	10.22	288.17	5.51	288.29	4.83
	π-π*	3.11	290.18	4.57	289.71	4.70	290.13	5.01	290.39	6.49
	C content (%)		78.25		72.65		76.15		75.17
O_1s	Nb₂O₅	1.56	530.43	53.79	529.98	42.49	530.26	53.68	529.98	49.48	⁶⁴
	OH/CO₃/O_v	1.54	531.79	25.35	531.32	39.85	531.60	32.23	531.35	24.24	⁶⁴
	H₂O/C=O	1.76	532.84	20.87	532.52	17.67	532.83	14.07	532.29	26.28	⁶⁵
	O content (%)		13.26		15.61		12.31		14.45

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