Table 2 Effects of site and successional time on the functional diversity and single-trait functional divergence of recovering sand grasslands.

Characteristic	Successional time		Site		Interaction		CTC
Characteristic	F	p	F	p	F	p	R
Multi-trait indices
Overall
Functional richness	1.098	n.s.	3.129	n.s.	0.859	n.s.	−0.31^*
Functional evenness	2.870	n.s.	3.805	^*	0.922	n.s.
Functional divergence	4.158	^*	16.719	^***	3.756	^**
For vegetative traits only
Functional richness	63.362	^***	3.952	^*	8.866	^***
Functional evenness	3.389	n.s.	4.035	^*	1.407	n.s.
Functional divergence	4.412	^*	17.190	^***	4,041	^**
For regenerative traits only
Functional richness	22.982	^**	10.195	^**	2.312	^*
Functional evenness	4.931	^*	17.467	^***	1.230	n.s.
Functional divergence	7.789	^*	3.770	^*	7.198	^***
Single trait functional divergence (FDVar)
Vegetative traits
SLA	5.924	^*	20.154	^***	2.677	^*
LDMC	12.838	^**	16.969	^***	5.827	^***
Leaf area	17.530	^**	4.065	^*	1.920	n.s.
Leaf dry weight	22.147	^**	1.619	n.s.	4.694	^***
Clonal spreading	37.409	^***	5.091	^*	9.081	^***	−0.45^**
Plant height	11.603	^**	10.038	^**	3.926	^**	−0.44^**
Life form	26.666	^***	14.807	^***	14.505	^***
Regenerative traits
Flowering start	3.532	n.s.	0.897	n.s.	3.288	^**
Flowering period	202.180	^***	17.225	^***	15.631	^***	0.42^**
Seed weight	48.525	^***	13.956	^***	7.989	^***
Terminal velocity	12.744	^**	5.474	^**	3.905	^**	−0.44^**
Seed bank persistence	167.288	^***	10.547	^***	13.072	^***

Two-way repeated measure GLM with ‘site’ as fixed and ‘successional time’ as repeated measure factor. Notations: CTC – correlation with total cover (Spearman rank-correlation). Significance levels: n.s. = non-significant; ^*0.01 ≤ p < 0.05; ^**0.001 ≤ p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001. For the nominal traits (pollination types) single-trait functional divergence was not calculated.

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