Table 2 Serum biochemical analytes and plasma AA concentrations in calves fed with different AA supplementations.

From: Skeletal muscle metabolomics and blood biochemistry analysis reveal metabolic changes associated with dietary amino acid supplementation in dairy calves

Concentration

(Mean ± SE)

Ctrl

GP

FY

MKT

Serum biochemical profile

ALT (U/L)

10.4 ± 0.7

11.1 ± 1.5

9.2 ± 0.5

10.2 ± 1.2

AST (U/L)

37.5 ± 3.2

39.6 ± 5.7

33.5 ± 4.9

42.2 ± 5.9

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

64.9 ± 8.2

65.2 ± 6.5

68.0 ± 12.7

72.7 ± 6.6

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.60 ± 0.04a

0.68 ± 0.05a

0.57 ± 0.03a

0.71 ± 0.02b

GGT (U/L)

18.5 ± 2.0

14.2 ± 1.1

16.6 ± 1.5

17.9 ± 0.6

Glucose (mg/dL)

86.3 ± 2.8

92.2 ± 4.3

96.9 ± 6.1

92.8 ± 5.4

Haptoglobin (mg/mL)

0.12 ± 0.01

0.13 ± 0.01

0.18 ± 0.06

0.16 ± 0.04

IGF-I (ng/mL)

264.4 ± 35.9

282.2 ± 31.6

245.9 ± 28.9

318.5 ± 33.3

Insulin (μg/L)

0.75 ± 0.13

1.04 ± 0.20

0.85 ± 0.11

1.07 ± 0.22

NEFAs (mM)

0.15 ± 0.03

0.16 ± 0.03

0.13 ± 0.02

0.15 ± 0.02

TGs (mg/dL)

19.91 ± 5.23

20.99 ± 4.59

16.20 ± 1.87

23.51 ± 5.37

TP (g/dL)

4.40 ± 0.11

4.42 ± 0.12

4.57 ± 0.15

4.75 ± 0.13

Urea (mg/dL)

10.54 ± 0.65

13.40 ± 1.44

9.84 ± 0.96

11.63 ± 1.07

Plasma AAs profile

Alanine (μM)

236.9 ± 16.6

228.9 ± 18.1

230.8 ± 30.8

259.6 ± 13.9

Arginine (μM)

223.7 ± 17.4a

264.2 ± 23.1a

236.7 ± 23.6a

291.9 ± 18.7b

Asparagine/Serine (μM)

177.9 ± 14.0

195.4 ± 18.9

189.2 ± 23.8

190.6 ± 10.3

Cysteine (μM)

39.0 ± 5.5

38.3 ± 5.9

38.9 ± 6.78

40.4 ± 5.9

Glutamic acid (μM)

77.8 ± 5.2

68.0 ± 6.8

65.2 ± 5.5

75.1 ± 6.5

Glycine (μM)

326.8 ± 26.1

372.1 ± 25.2

340.6 ± 19.9

368.3 ± 15.3

Histidine/Glutamine (μM)

487.1 ± 30.8

504.0 ± 34.8

485.7 ± 49.1

503.9 ± 24.6

Isoleucine (μM)

137.0 ± 11.0

130.7 ± 12.7

134.7 ± 15.8

129.56 ± 6.9

Leucine (μM)

195.20 ± 19.64

181.37 ± 21.66

188.57 ± 28.64

172.05 ± 8.31

Lysine (μM)

220.3 ± 29.6a

231.4 ± 24.3a

240.8 ± 43.4a

304.3 ± 18.8b

Methionine (μM)

36.4 ± 6.1a

35.4 ± 6.6a

36.1 ± 7.4a

73.6 ± 5.1b

Phenylalanine (μM)

56.4 ± 6.5a

57.5 ± 6.5a

79.0 ± 7.7b

52.2 ± 3.7a

Proline(μM)

137.4 ± 11.3

163.7 ± 15.0

141.3 ± 23.2

147.3 ± 10.9

Threonine (μM)

270.9 ± 10.9a

276.6 ± 24.3a

270.3 ± 25.9a

386.7 ± 26.7b

Tryptophan (μM)

49.7 ± 4.4

56.0 ± 6.3

52.2 ± 8.2

54.8 ± 3.6

Tyrosine (μM)

66.7 ± 10.3

69.6 ± 13.8

86.8 ± 8.6

67.2 ± 7.0

Valine (μM)

280.7 ± 18.7

273.4 ± 26.5

272.1 ± 35.3

267.5 ± 10.2

  1. Key: Ctrl: Control milk replacer; GP: Milk replacer supplemented with glycine and proline; FY: Milk replacer supplemented with phenylalanine and tyrosine and MKT: Milk replacer supplemented with lysine, methionine and threonine (n = 8 per group). ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; GGT = gamma glutamyltransferase; IGF-I = insulin-like growth factor 1; NEFAs = non-esterified fatty acids; TGs = triglycerides; TP = total protein. Results were analysed by t-test for comparisons between Ctrl and treatment groups. Values in a row with different superscripts are significant different (P < 0.05).
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