Table 2 Results of a phylogenetic generalized least square regression (PGLS) model testing for relationships between flight initiation distance (FID), life-history traits (summarized in two principal components corrected for phylogeny, PC1 and PC2) and its variation among stages of the annual cycle, after accounting for the potential effects of starting distance (SD) and flock size as well as for phylogenetic (λ = 0.320; χ2115 = 3.57, P = 0.059) and sample size (V + 100 W) effects.

From: Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds

Effect

B

SE (B)

t

P

r

SD

0.401

0.047

8.603

<0.001

0.626

Flock size

−0.014

0.036

−0.391

0.697

0.037

PC1

−0.001

0.003

−0.532

0.596

0.050

PC2

0.006

0.006

1.049

0.296

0.098

Stage

0.095

0.019

5.085

<0.001

0.431

PC1 x stage

−0.004

0.002

−2.162

0.033

0.199

PC2 x stage

−0.005

0.004

−1.282

0.202

0.120

  1. Model statistics are F8,115 = 21.82, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.56, AIC = −145.99. PC1 was an inverse gradient of body mass, and PC2 can be interpreted as a fast–slow pace of life gradient. Boldface indicates statistical significance, and Pearson r values effect sizes.
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