Table 1 Model parameters. T denotes the daily average temperature (°C).

μ_M

Mosquito death rate (day⁻¹)

\(\frac{4.61}{151.6-4.57\cdot {\rm{T}}}\)

^{56, 57}

α

Mosquito capture rate (day⁻¹)

0.054

⁵⁸

r

Cx. pipiens daily flight range (meters)

500

^{59, 60}

p_MB

Probability of WNV transmission from mosquito to bird per infectious bite

0.94

⁴

p_BM

Probability of WNV transmission from bird to mosquito per infectious bite

\(\frac{{{\rm{e}}}^{(-10.917+0.365\cdot {\rm{T}})}}{1+{{\rm{e}}}^{(-10.917+0.365\cdot {\rm{T}})}}\)

⁶¹

θ_M

Extrinsic incubation period (day⁻¹)

\(-0.132+0.0092\cdot {\rm{T}}\)

⁶²

θ_B

Intrinsic incubation period (day⁻¹)

0.5

⁴

δ_B

Avian recovery rate (day⁻¹)

0.57

⁴

γ(t)

Avian fertility rate at day t (day⁻¹)

0.05 (t ≤ July 15)

0 (t > July 15)

⁶³

μ_B

Death rate for mature birds (day⁻¹)

0.0015

⁶³

μ_Bj

Death rate for juvenile birds (day⁻¹)

0.0083

⁶³