Table 1 Generalized linear model: error vs. screw location and navigation method.

From: High Speed, High Density Intraoperative 3D Optical Topographical Imaging with Efficient Registration to MRI and CT for Craniospinal Surgical Navigation

Clinical Variables

Screw Location and Error Median (95 percentile)

Navigation Method Median (95 percentile)

Cervical N = 9

Thoracic N = 225

Lumbar N = 130

Sacral N = 6

P-Value

Benchmark N = 209

Experimental N = 162

P-Value

Axial Distance Error (mm)

1.00 (1.73)

1.05 (3.69)

1.53 (3.94)

1.03 (1.93)

0.381

1.14 (3.92)

1.21 (3.42)

0.597

Axial Angle Error (deg)

2.79 (4.33)

2.07 (8.07)

2.48 (9.47)

6.05 (11.59)*

0.009*

2.43 (8.97)

2.15 (8.14)

0.839

Sagittal Distance Error (mm)

1.32 (2.20)

0.86 (1.28)

1.28 (4.12)

0.84 (2.13)

0.437

0.83 (3.62)

1.13 (4.25)

0.214

Sagittal Angle Error (deg)

1.55 (4.22)

2.57 (9.75)

2.47 (9.48)

3.86 (10.77)

0.485

2.60 (10.06)

2.33 (8.59)

0.492

  1. Statistical analysis using generalized linear model of axial distance, axial angle error, sagittal distance error, and sagittal angle error as a function of screw location (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral) and navigation method (benchmark navigation, experimental navigation). No significant differences were seen using the experimental navigation system. Screws located in the sacrum demonstrated increased axial angle error vs. thoracic and lumbar spine.
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