Figure 3

Effects of pollen diet on Nosema infection in honey bees (Apis mellifera). (A) Sunflower pollen reduced Nosema infection in honey bees by an average of 29% compared to buckwheat pollen across the two time periods. Bars and error bars indicate negative binomial model means ±1 standard error back-transformed (i.e., exponentiated) from the scale of the linear predictor. Error bars represent uncertainty in fixed effects portions of models only, and do not account for variability due to random effect. (B) Exponentiated hazard rates ±1 standard error for mortality on different pollen diets. Sunflower-fed bees died at nearly four times the rate of buckwheat-fed bees and had equivalent survival to bees with no pollen. Lower-case letters indicate significant differences based on post hoc pairwise comparisons; in (A), comparisons are made within each time point (10 d and 15 d).