Figure 1

(A–C) Reference NMR spectra of carbohydrate standards (sugar region). (A) Overlay of 1H 1D CPMG experiments of sucrose (orange), lactulose (magenta) and mannitol (light blue) (each 100 µM). (B) Overlay of 1H 1D NOESY experiments of sucrose (orange), lactulose (magenta) and mannitol (light blue) (each 100 µM). (C) Overlay of 1H 2D J-resolved experiments of sucrose (orange), lactulose (magenta) and mannitol (light blue) (each 100 µM). Characteristic carbohydrate signals were marked by orange hash (sucrose), magenta circle (lactulose) or light blue asterisks (mannitol).