Table 1 Composition and quantities of volatile compounds in headspace collections from undamaged, mechanically damaged and herbivore-damaged Aquilaria sinensis plants.

From: Volatiles from Aquilaria sinensis damaged by Heortia vitessoides larvae deter the conspecific gravid adults and attract its predator Cantheconidea concinna

Compounds

Undamageda

Mechanically damagedb

Herbivore-damaged

ANOVA (DF = 5, 30)

Retention time (min)

1 dc

2 dd

3 de

4 df

Cg (Rh)

Cg (Rh)

Cg (Rh)

Cg (Rh)

Cg (Rh)

Cg (Rh)

Alcohols

   2,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol

—

—

—

0.08 ± 0.01 (<1)

—

—

 

6.08

   2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol

—

—

—

0.04 ± 0.01 (<1)

—

—

 

6.16

      2-methyl-5- (1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexanol

—

—

—

—

0.05 ± 0.01b (<1)

0.15 ± 0.01a (<1)

F = 211.89, P < 0.001

6.84

   3-methyl-4-heptanol

—

—

0.52 ± 0.09 (<1)

—

—

—

 

10.16

   2-nonen-1-ol

—

—

—

0.14 ± 0.01a (<1)

0.09 ± 0.01b (<1)

0.15 ± 0.01a (<1)

F = 97.79, P < 0.001

10.25

   2-decen-1-ol

2.02 ± 0.34b (2.06)

2.42 ± 0.11ab (6.19)

—

1.71 ± 0.05b (1.55)

1.88 ± 0.05b (1.86)

2.45 ± 0.13a (14.39)

F = 4.49, P < 0.01

12.78

   1-octen-3-ol

—

—

3.72 ± 0.23 (<1)

—

—

—

 

12.84

   2-hexyl-1-octanol

—

0.11 ± 0.01a (<1)

—

0.08 ± 0.01b (<1)

0.09 ± 0.01b (<1)

0.11 ± 0.01a (<1)

F = 9.52, P<0.001

12.90

   2-pentadecyn-1-ol

—

—

1.23 ± 0.08 (<1)

—

—

—

 

13.21

   2-butyl-1-octanol

—

—

—

0.38 ± 0.04a (<1)

0.34 ± 0.02b (<1)

0.42 ± 0.01a (2.44)

F = 12.46, P < 0.05

13.84

   1-nonadecanol

—

0.37 ± 0.12 (<1)

—

—

—

—

 

14.78

2-hexyl-1-decanol

—

—

—

0.28 ± 0.01 (<1)

—

—

 

14.97

   1-eicosanol

—

—

—

—

0.19 ± 0.01a (<1)

0.19 ± 0.01a (1.09)

F = 0.12, P = 0.734

17.03

   2-methyl-1-hexadecanol

0.67 ± 0.10c (<1)

0.65 ± 0.01c (1.67)

0.52 ± 0.03d (<1)

0.51 ± 0.04d (<1)

0.85 ± 0.09b (<1)

1.08 ± 0.06a (6.32)

F = 67.43, P < 0.001

24.35

Aldehydes

   2,4-dimethyl-pentanal

—

—

0.72 ± 0.10 (<1)

—

—

—

 

4.56

   heptanal

—

—

—

0.14 ± 0.01b (<1)

—

0.68 ± 0.11a (4.00)

F = 136.93, P < 0.001

6.52

   octanal

1.71 ± 0.22c (1.75)

0.93 ± 0.01e (2.38)

—

1.36 ± 0.08d (1.24)

1.88 ± 0.10b (1.22)

2.56 ± 0.11a (15.06)

F = 147.76, P < 0.001

8.86

   nonanal

7.43 ± 2.03b (7.65)

5.07 ± 0.14c (12.99)

2.40 ± 0.13d (<1)

6.55 ± 0.23bc (5.96)

4.10 ± 2.74cd (2.84)

10.99 ± 1.37a (64.46)

F = 23.62, P < 0.001

11.39

   decanal

9.93 ± 0.46b (10.16)

8.68 ± 0.16c (22.25)

5.94 ± 0.65d (<1)

10.51 ± 0.82b (9.56)

10.05 ± 0.56b (6.57)

16.07 ± 0.34a (94.37)

F = 225.21, P < 0.001

13.95

      2-ethylidene-6-methyl-3,5-heptadienal

—

—

1.64 ± 0.05 (<1)

—

—

—

 

19.06

   4- (1-methylethyl)-benzaldehyde

—

0.34 ± 0.12a (<1)

—

0.24 ± 0.02a (<1)

—

—

F = 3.85, P = 0.078

21.35

Hydrocarbons

   dodecane

0.79 ± 0.22a (<1)

0.26 ± 0.01b (<1)

—

—

—

—

F = 35.21, P < 0.001

6.90

   tridecane

1.73 ± 0.24a (1.77)

1.28 ± 0.01a (3.28)

—

—

—

—

F = 21.19, P < 0.05

9.20

      2-ethenyl-1,1-dimethyl-3-methylene-cyclohexane

—

1.67 ± 0.19d (4.27)

664.99 ± 8.65a (42.92)

110.56 ± 9.30c (100)

153.74 ± 3.69b (100)

17.04 ± 0.62d (100)

F = 146.53, P < 0.001

9.34

   2,6,10-trimethyl-dodecane

0.95 ± 0.44a (20.41)

0.30 ± 0.02b (<1)

—

0.20 ± 0.01b (<1)

0.20 ± 0.01b (<1)

0.33 ± 0.01b (1.92)

F = 0.59, P < 0.001

10.56

   tetradecane

3.56 ± 0.93a (3.62)

1.88 ± 0.11b (4.85)

1.44 ± 0.11b (<1)

1.60 ± 0.09b (1.45)

1.70 ± 0.04b (1.10)

3.71 ± 0.11a (21.76)

F = 41.99, P < 0.001

11.63

   2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-heptadecane

—

—

—

0.77 ± 0.05b (<1)

0.78 ± 0.03b (<1)

1.17 ± 0.11a (6.86)

F = 58.51, P < 0.001

12.58

   nonadecane

—

—

—

0.38 ± 0.10 (<1)

—

—

 

12.95

   3-methyl-tridecane

—

—

—

—

0.26 ± 0.01a (<1)

0.34 ± 0.01a (2.00)

F = 367.65, P < 0.001

13.00

   pentadecane

3.80 ± 1.02c (3.89)

2.63 ± 0.07d (6.77)

3.50 ± 0.12 cd (<1)

4.61 ± 0.50bc (4.21)

4.94 ± 0.99b (3.18)

6.58 ± 1.08a (38.59)

F = 19.38, P < 0.001

14.06

2,6,10-trimethyl-tetradecane

1.26 ± 0.34b (1.29)

0.47 ± 0.02d (1.22)

1.64 ± 0.10a (<1)

0.80 ± 0.10c (<1)

0.88 ± 0.08c (<1)

0.54 ± 0.11d (3.18)

F = 46.58, P < 0.001

15.38

   hexadecane

5.10 ± 0.27d (5.22)

3.90 ± 0.18d (9.99)

6.97 ± 0.43b (<1)

6.16 ± 1.11c (5.66)

7.95 ± 0.70b (5.14)

11.50 ± 1.29a (67.57)

F = 50.285, P < 0.001

16.43

2,6,10-trimethyl-pentadecane

—

—

—

—

2.31 ± 0.11a (4.50)

2.89 ± 0.13a (17.00)

F = 72.34, P < 0.001

16.93

   1,2–15,16-diepoxyhexadecane

—

—

—

1.46 ± 0.03b (1.33)

1.53 ± 0.08a (1.00)

1.51 ± 0.06ab (8.85)

F = 2.50, P = 0.116

17.36

   6-methyl-octadecane

0.46 ± 0.13b (<1)

0.51 ± 0.19ab (1.23)

0.53 ± 0.05ab (<1)

0.42 ± 0.08b (<1)

0.55 ± 0.11ab (<1)

0.63 ± 0.06a (3.72)

F = 2.48, P < 0.05

17.69

   heptadecane

3.24 ± 0.31c (3.32)

2.36 ± 0.15d (6.07)

3.23 ± 0.04c (<1)

4.58 ± 0.39b (4.19)

4.98 ± 0.36b (3.23)

6.09 ± 1.26a (35.77)

F = 34.09, P<0.001

18.71

   octadecane

1.21 ± 0.07e (1.24)

0.78 ± 0.01f (2.00)

2.13 ± 0.07a (<1)

1.38 ± 0.11d (1.25)

2.01 ± 0.12b (1.32)

1.70 ± 0.07c (10.00)

F = 220.30, P<0.001

20.89

   heptacosane

2.15 ± 0.29d (2.20)

2.15 ± 0.09d (5.53)

2.85 ± 0.06c (<1)

3.82 ± 0.62b (3.48)

5.06 ± 0.53a (3.25)

—

F = 55.38, P<0.001

28.76

   heneicosane

4.19 ± 1.14e (4.27)

5.20 ± 0.12d (13.33)

6.32 ± 0.54c (<1)

7.96 ± 0.49b (7.26)

9.77 ± 0.48a (6.38)

1.61 ± 0.09f (9.46)

F = 141.50, P<0.001

30.55

   octacosane

8.99 ± 0.79d (9.21)

10.15 ± 0.12c (26.05)

10.12 ± 0.97c (<1)

13.16 ± 0.69b (11.98)

16.77 ± 0.57a (10.86)

2.99 ± 0.12e (17.56)

F = 326.96, P<0.001

35.49

Ketones

   3-eicosanone

—

—

—

0.44 ± 0.07a (<1)

0.22 ± 0.25b (<1)

0.24 ± 0.01b (1.40)

F = 3.84, P<0.05

5.85

   6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one

3.51 ± 0.94b (3.62)

3.10 ± 0.17b (7.92)

0.75 ± 0.17c (<1)

3.77 ± 1.32b (3.46)

3.37 ± 0.13b (2.20)

5.28 ± 0.45a (31.03)

F = 26.66, P<0.001

10.00

      2-methyl-5- (1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexanone

1.22 ± 0.35a (1.24)

0.43 ± 0.01b (1.10)

—

—

—

—

F = 30.33, P<0.001

14.31

Esters

   butyl propanoate

0.40 ± 0.08b (<1)

—

3.70 ± 0.42a (<1)

0.50 ± 0.09b (<1)

0.39 ± 0.06b (<1)

—

F = 330.34, P<0.001

5.65

   butyl isobutyrater

—

—

0.15 ± 0.05 (<1)

—

—

—

 

5.79

   butyl acrylate

0.67 ± 0.12bc (<1)

0.16 ± 0.02c (<1)

8.85 ± 0.15a (<)

0.57 ± 0.24bc (<1)

0.93 ± 0.04b (<1)

—

F = 293.82, P < 0.001

6.31

   heptyl butanoate

—

—

6.14 ± 0.77a (<1)

—

0.41 ± 0.62b (<1)

0.07 ± 0.01b (<1)

F = 214.37, P<0.001

7.18

   butyl butanoate

4.65 ± 0.66b (4.75)

1.31 ± 0.03b (3.38)

16.72 ± 0.95a (1.08)

2.31 ± 0.18b (2.10)

2.99 ± 0.04b (1.95)

—

F = 7.63, P<0.001

7.28

   hexyl acetate

—

—

2.83 ± 0.05 (<1)

—

—

—

 

8.55

   ethenyl octadecanoate

0.24 ± 0.04a (<1)

0.12 ± 0.01b (<1)

—

—

0.23 ± 0.01a (<1)

0.25 ± 0.01a (1.46)

F = 58.03, P<0.001

14.68

   methyl benzoate

—

—

13.28 ± 0.78a (<1)

1.73 ± 0.07b (1.58)

0.34 ± 0.01c (<1)

—

F = 1467.20, P<0.001

16.73

   7-methyl-z-tetradecen-1-ol acetate

—

0.38 ± 0.02 (<1)

—

—

—

—

 

19.91

   geranyl isovalerate

0.43 ± 0.16a (<1)

—

0.64 ± 0.08a (<1)

—

—

—

F = 8.32, P<0.05

24.54

   dibutyl glutarate

0.37 ± 0.08c (<1)

0.42 ± 0.01c (1.07)

0.54 ± 0.09b (<1)

0.56 ± 0.04b (<1)

0.62 ± 0.05b (<1)

1.12 ± 0.09a (6.60)

F = 91.91, P<0.001

25.10

   methyl hexadecanoate

0.19 ± 0.01b (<1)

0.36 ± 0.20a (<1)

—

—

—

0.36 ± 0.02a (2.11)

F = 4.35, P<0.05

29.04

   ethyl hexadecanoate

—

0.30 ± 0.01c (<1)

0.37 ± 0.24c (<1)

0.51 ± 0.05b (<1)

0.85 ± 0.09a (<1)

0.15 ± 0.01d (<1)

F = 29.99, P<0.001

29.73

Benzenoids

   1,3,5-trimethyl-benzene

—

—

—

—

—

0.15 ± 0.01 (<1)

8.64

 

   1-ethenyl-4-ethyl-benzene

—

—

—

1.31 ± 0.07b (1.19)

0.68 ± 0.03c (<1)

2.03 ± 0.12a (11.93)

F = 418.14, P<0.001

12.64

   methyl salicylate

0.73 ± 0.07b (<1)

—

3.54 ± 0.15a (<1)

—

—

—

F = 421.473, P<0.001

20.13

   benzothiazole

0.70 ± 0.06c (<1)

0.51 ± 0.01c (1.30)

0.73 ± 0.07c (<1)

1.30 ± 0.03a (1.18)

1.33 ± 0.58a (<1)

0.75 ± 0.07b (4.42)

F = 32.26, P<0.001

23.87

   (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, benzoate

—

—

0.96 ± 0.09 (<1)

—

—

—

 

27.24

Terpenoids

   β-myrcene

—

—

9.11 ± 0.79 (<1)

—

—

—

 

6.12

   3-carene

—

—

—

—

—

0.19 ± 0.01 (1.11)

7.04

 

   eucalyptol

—

—

—

0.20 ± 0.01a (<1)

—

0.22 ± 0.02a (1.31)

F = 13.24, P<0.05

7.12

   (E)-β-ocimene

3.60 ± 0.89b (3.67)

1.49 ± 0.09c (3.79)

76.80 ± 2.90a (4.95)

1.42 ± 0.08c (1.29)

0.49 ± 0.14c (<1)

—

F = 64.121, P<0.001

7.61

   (Z)-β-ocimene

97.81 ± 4.41b (100)

38.98 ± 1.73c (100)

1549.73 ± 27.24a (100)

42.98 ± 3.89c (39.04)

23.27 ± 0.70d (15.19)

3.91 ± 0.17e (23.02)

F = 228.340, P<0.001

8.00

   linalool

—

1.08 ± 0.18c (2.70)

9.54 ± 0.83a (<1)

1.40 ± 0.10bc (1.27)

1.88 ± 0.08b (1.22)

—

F = 533.58, P<0.001

15.14

   (+)-longifolene

—

3.15 ± 0.11 (8.07)

—

—

—

—

 

15.60

   globulol

—

—

—

—

—

3.76 ± 0.11 (22.10)

15.65

 

   epiglobulol

—

0.32 ± 0.01e (<1)

1.44 ± 0.04c (<1)

0.79 ± 0.08d (<1)

6.85 ± 0.56a (4.49)

2.42 ± 0.12b (14.22)

F = 613.18, P<0.001

16.12

   caryophyllene

—

0.67 ± 0.11b (1.67)

5.71 ± 1.11a (<1)

—

—

—

F = 122.60, P<0.001

16.28

   L- (−)-menthol

2.42 ± 0.10a (2.48)

1.60 ± 0.07b (4.10)

1.18 ± 0.12c (<1)

—

—

—

F = 235.60, P<0.001

17.30

   α-farnesene

1.58 ± 0.22d (1.61)

1.19 ± 0.02d (3.07)

99.23 ± 4.21a (6.41)

5.02 ± 0.94c (4.54)

19.26 ± 0.54b (12.55)

1.18 ± 0.13d (6.92)

F = 253.001, P<0.001

19.70

neocurdione

0.87 ± 0.17b (<1)

1.02 ± 0.02a (2.60)

0.63 ± 0.09c (<1)

1.08 ± 0.04a (<1)

1.02 ± 0.04a (<1)

0.56 ± 0.08c (3.28)

F = 37.06, P<0.001

26.85

   cedrol

0.66 ± 0.13c (<1)

0.94 ± 0.24b (2.33)

0.56 ± 0.07c (<1)

0.99 ± 0.10b (<1)

1.22 ± 0.10a (<1)

1.21 ± 0.07a (7.12)

F = 26.83, P<0.001

27.17

Green leaf volatiles

   2-ethyl-1-hexanol

4.48 ± 0.99a (4.57)

0.80 ± 0.01c (2.05)

2.16 ± 0.17b (<1)

—

—

—

F = 61.59, P<0.001

13.78

   (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol

—

0.71 ± 0.01d (1.81)

24.43 ± 1.09a (1.58)

5.02 ± 0.69b (4.56)

2.98 ± 0.19c (1.93)

0.83 ± 0.08d (4.87)

F = 522.612, P<0.001

11.19

   3-hexanol

—

—

4.82 ± 0.41 (<1)

—

—

—

 

6.79

   (E)-2-hexen-1-ol

—

—

1.69 ± 0.12a (<1)

0.43 ± 0.04b (<1)

0.23 ± 0.01c (<1)

—

F = 640.41, P<0.001

11.73

   1-hexanol

—

—

—

0.54 ± 0.05a (<1)

0.98 ± 0.14a (<1)

—

F = 52.55, P<0.001

10.46

   2-hexenal

—

—

—

0.11 ± 0.01 (<1)

—

—

 

7.21

   3-hexanone

—

—

0.58 ± 0.13 (<1)

—

—

—

 

4.13

   (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate

—

2.53 ± 0.29b (6.51)

144.70 ± 9.40a (9.34)

1.12 ± 0.06b (1.02)

0.59 ± 0.15b (<1)

—

F = 57.250, P<0.001

9.53

   2-hexen-1-ol, acetate

—

—

9.88 ± 0.67 (<1)

—

—

—

 

9.96

  1. aUndamaged plants. Plants had no any insect feeding and mechanically damage (N = 6).
  2. bMechanically damaged plants. The leaves of plants were cut with a razor blade (N = 6).
  3. cPlants that were fed upon by late-third to fourth-instar larvae of Heortia vitessoides at 1 d after damage and removing caterpillars (N = 6).
  4. dPlants that were fed upon by late-third to fourth-instar larvae of Heortia vitessoides at 2 d after damage and removing caterpillars (N = 6).
  5. ePlants that were fed upon by late-third to fourth-instar larvae of Heortia vitessoides at 3 d after damage and removing caterpillars (N = 6).
  6. fPlants that were fed upon by late-third to fourth-instar larvae of Heortia vitessoides at 4 d after damage and removing caterpillars (N = 6).
  7. gThe average concentration of each compound collected from 100 g of undamaged, 100 g of mechanically damaged and 100 g of herbivore-damaged Aquilaria sinensis plants of different treatment in ng/g.
  8. hAmounts relative to the most abundant compound (set at a value of 100).
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