Table 1 Possible resistance decades achievable with programmable standards.

Resistance	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Voltage probes used	Deviation from decade value
100 Ω	00010010 00011001 00001001 00010001	None	None	A, B	0.714 µΩ/Ω
1 kΩ	10001001 10001011 10000111 10010001	None	None	A, B	0.108 µΩ/Ω
10 kΩ	00110001 00100111 00110011 00111100	011 010 010	None	A, C	14.8 nΩ/Ω
100 kΩ	00111101 00111101 00111100 00111110	010 010 010	000000000011	A, D	0.043 nΩ/Ω
1 MΩ	00101011 00100001 00110101 00110000	010 001 001	000000100110	A, D	0.0243 nΩ/Ω
10 MΩ	01011110 01011001 01010011 01001100	110 101 110	000110000010	A, D	0.346 pΩ/Ω
100 MΩ	01110111 10001001 01101101 01100111	100 011 011	111100100001	A, D	1.21 nΩ/Ω

The proposed device in Fig. 9 (c) can be programmed with the values listed in this table to achieve very accurate values of seven decades of resistance. Each module in each stage is assigned a binary string. As long as the exact configuration is used, the measured voltage between the two probes will measure a near-exact decade value, to within a deviation defined in the rightmost column.

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