Figure 5
From: Increasing muscle co-contraction speeds up internal model acquisition during dynamic motor learning
Kinematic and dynamic adaptation over the course of the experiment. (a) Maximum perpendicular error (MPE) was calculated on each trial and plotted as an average of a block of five trials. Data show mean ± s.e.m. across participants in the stiff (red), relaxed (blue) and control (cyan) groups. Vertical dashed lines indicate rest breaks. (b) Is the same as (a) but for adaptation measured on channel trials. (c) Mean ± s.e.m. initial adaptation (first 13 blocks of the exposure phase) and final adaptation (last 13 blocks of the exposure phase) for all groups. Asterisks indicate significant (*P < 0.05), ns indicates not significant. (d,e) Least-squares regression between each participant’s global EMG (first 13 blocks of the exposure phase, early and later periods of movement combined) and their initial adaptation (d) and their final adaptation (e). Dashed curves show 95% confidence intervals for the fitted linear model. Data from all groups have been pooled.
