Table 4 Risk of bias and applicability of the studies included.
Risk of bias | Concerns about applicability | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bias due to patient selection | Bias due to index test | Bias due to reference standard | Bias due to flow and timing | Applicability of patient selection | Applicability of index test | Applicability of reference standard | |
El Miedany et al.10 | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | High concern | Low concern |
Niemela et al.11 | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | High concern | Low concern |
Su et al.12 | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear | Low concern |
Hocevar et al.13 | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | High concern | Low concern | Low concern |
Yang et al.14 | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear | Low concern |
Song et al.15 | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear | Low concern |
Salaffi et al.16 | Low risk | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | High concern | Low concern | Unclear |
Poul et al.17 | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | High concern | High concern | Unclear |
Milic et al.18 | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | High concern | Low concern | High concern |
Milic et al.19 | Low risk | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | High concern | Low concern | Unclear |
Xu et al.20 | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | Low concern | High concern |
Takagi et al.21 | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | High concern | High concern | Unclear |
Kong et al.22 | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | Low concern | High concern |
Milic et al.23 | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | High concern | Low concern | High concern |
Cornec et al.24 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High concern | High concern | High concern |
Theander et al.25 | High risk | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low concern | Low concern | Unclear |
Hammenfors et al.26 | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | High concern | High concern |
Baldini et al.27 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High concern | High concern | High concern |
Zhang et al.28 | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | Low concern | High concern |
Lin et al.29 | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High concern | High concern | High concern |
Zhou et al.30 | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | High concern | High concern |
Zhou et al.31 | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | High concern | High concern |
Chen et al.32 | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | Unclear | High concern |
Qi et al.33 | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low concern | Low concern | High concern |
