Table 4 Comparison of changes in gene expression signal intensity from day 1 to 14 in the permissive underfeeding and standard feeding groups.

From: Differential Gene Expression in Peripheral White Blood Cells with Permissive Underfeeding and Standard Feeding in Critically Ill Patients: A Descriptive Sub-study of the PermiT Randomized Controlled Trial

Gene Name	Change in gene expression (Day 14-Day 1)		Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
Gene Name	Permissive feeding	Standard feeding	β -coefficient	95% CI	P value	β -coefficient	95% CI	P value
Differentially downregulated gene expression with permissive underfeeding
Membrane-associated phospholipase A2	−0.086 ± 0.192	0.102 ± 0.206	−0.188	−0.303, −0.074	0.002	−0.194	−0.319, −0.069	0.003
Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible beta (GADD45B)	−0.098 ± 0.186	0.066 ± 0.287	−0.163	−0.303, −0.023	0.023	−0.156	−0.303, −0.009	0.038
Pyruvate kinase, muscle (PKM)	−0.087 ± 0.151	0.007 ± 0.164	−0.094	−0.185, −0.003	0.043	−0.085	−0.184, 0.014	0.091
Group IIE secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIE)	−0.090 ± 0.218	0.033 ± 0.411	−0.124	−0.314, 0.067	0.198	−0.139	−0.347, 0.070	0.186
1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase	−0.106 ± 0.141	−0.008 ± 0.192	−0.097	−0.194, −0.0004	0.049	−0.115	−0.221, −0.010	0.033
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)	0.042 ± 0.279	0.135 ± 0.271	−0.093	−0.251, 0.065	0.243	−0.111	−0.280, 0.057	0.190
Transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3)	−0.052 ± 0.126	0.004 ± 0.110	−0.056	−0.124, 0.011	0.102	−0.057	−0.131, 0.016	0.120
Neuronal RAP1A (Member of RAS Oncogene family, RAP1A)	−0.063 ± 0.266	−0.006 ± 0.169	−0.057	−0.185, 0.070	0.372	−0.031	−0.166, 0.103	0.641
BRAF Proto-oncogene, Serine/threonine kinase (BRAF)	−0.083 ± 0.146	−0.028 ± 0.146	−0.055	−0.139, 0.029	0.194	−0.068	−0.160, 0.024	0.144
Calcium voltage-gated channel auxillary subunit (CACNB2)	−0.008 ± 0.131	0.031 ± 0.151	−0.038	−0.120, 0.043	0.348	−0.061	−0.147, 0.025	0.160
Differentially upregulated gene expression with permissive underfeeding
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member (ALDH1A3)	0.012 ± 0.135	−0.062 ± 0.139	0.074	−0.004, 0.153	0.064	0.080	−0.008, 0.167	0.072
Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 Beta subunit (PDHB)	0.064 ± 0.164	0.002 ± 0.173	0.063	−0.034, 0.160	0.199	0.042	−0.064, 0.147	0.431
ADP dependent glucokinase (ADPGK)	0.107 ± 0.164	0.011 ± 0.149	0.096	0.006, 0.186	0.037	0.105	0.007, 0.204	0.036
WNT family member 1 (WNT1)	0.111 ± 0.260	−0.006 ± 0.227	0.117	−0.023, 0.258	0.099	0.125	−0.024, 0.273	0.098
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transferase subunit ALG13 homolog	0.013 ± 0.166	−0.068 ± 0.137	0.081	−0.006, 0.169	0.067	0.100	0.008, 0.192	0.033
Peroxisomal NADH pyrophosphatase NUDT12	0.007 ± 0.206	−0.077 ± 0.212	0.084	−0.036, 0.205	0.164	0.050	−0.078, 0.178	0.433
Sonic hedgehog (SHH)	0.131 ± 0.244	−0.007 ± 0.301	0.139	−0.019, 0.297	0.084	0.167	−0.006, 0.340	0.058
Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C)	0.111 ± 0.228	−0.052 ± 0.155	0.163	0.051, 0.274	0.005	0.162	0.044, 0.280	0.008
Cytochrome C, somatic (CYCS)	0.019 ± 0.304	−0.152 ± 0.246	0.171	0.013, 0.330	0.035	0.176	0.003, 0.349	0.046
Pan2 protein	0.132 ± 0.433	−0.118 ± 0.340	0.249	0.026, 0.472	0.029	0.182	−0.041, 0.406	0.108

Univariate analysis and multivariate linear regression models were carried out to assess the gene expression signal intensity in permissive underfeeding compared to standard feeding. In the multivariate model, we adjusted for age, the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores.

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Table 4 Comparison of changes in gene expression signal intensity from day 1 to 14 in the permissive underfeeding and standard feeding groups.

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