Figure 1

Estimated powers and R² values. (A) Estimated powers for the α-diversity-based association tests for the scenarios, where rare (S1), mid-abundant (S2), abundant (S3) and phylogenetically close (S4) OTUs are associated (n = 50). (B) Estimated powers for the α-diversity-based association tests for the scenarios, where rare (S1), mid-abundant (S2), abundant (S3) and phylogenetically close (S4) OTUs are associated (n = 100). (C) Estimated powers for the adaptive association tests for the scenarios, where rare (S1), mid-abundant (S2), abundant (S3) and phylogenetically close (S4) OTUs are associated (n = 50). (D) Estimated powers for the adaptive association tests for the scenarios, where rare (S1), mid-abundant (S2), abundant (S3) and phylogenetically close (S4) OTUs are associated (n = 100). (E) Estimated R² values for the α-diversity-based association tests for the scenarios, where rare (S1), mid-abundant (S2), abundant (S3) and phylogenetically close (S4) OTUs are associated (n = 50). (F) Estimated R² values for the α-diversity-based association tests for the scenarios, where rare (S1), mid-abundant (S2), abundant (S3) and phylogenetically close (S4) OTUs are associated (n = 100). **S1. Λ = {OTUs in bottom 20% in abundance}; S2. Λ = {A random 20% of OTUs}; S3. Λ = {OTUs in top 20% in abundance}; S4. Λ = {OTUs in a random cluster (average) among the 7 clusters partitioned by PAM}.