Figure 1
(a) Satellite imagery showing the Santiaguito dome complex and Santa Maria volcano, with the sampling location and PDC path for the dome collapse event in panels c-d shown. Map data: Google Earth, CNES/Airbus, DigitalGlobe. (b) The Caliente vent at the Santiaguito dome complex in Guatemala, showing a typical vulcanian explosion from 9th November 2012 including a small pyroclastic flow and the separation of gas- and ash-rich plumes at the onset of explosion. Ash sample from a similar vulcanian explosion (referred to as VE in this study) was collected from a similar event on 13 November 2012. (c) The co-pyroclastic ash cloud following a partial dome collapse on the southern flank of the Caliente vent on 28 November 2012; photo taken form the Paradiso camp 600 m from the vent. An ash sample from this dome collapse event (referred to as DC in this study) was collected 90 minutes after the photo was taken. (d) Photograph from Santiaguito volcano observatory (INSIVUMEH/OVSAN) on 29 November 2012 looking northward and showing the aftermath of the dome collapse event. A steep-sided gulley was eroded into the flank by the collapse and the passage of pyroclastic flows, which progressed for >5 km in a southerly direction.
