Table 1 Eco- and cytotoxicity battery assay of PSC and its degradation products.

Eco toxicity

Aquatic Toxicity

Water column

Daphnia Immobilization (48 h)

Pb²⁺

30.0 ± 23.8

100**

100**

100**

0.13 (−0.21 ~ 0.48)

PbI₂

10.0 ± 5.8

55.0 ± 12.6

77.5 ± 22.5*

100**

1.04 (−0.10 ~ 2.18)

PbO

0.3 ± 0.3

35.0 ± 23.6

85.0 ± 15.0*

73.3 ± 11.5*

2.06 (−0.04 ~ 4.15)

PSC

10.0 ± 10.0

30.0 ± 23.8

95.0 ± 5.0*

100**

1.71 (0.54 ~ 2.89)

Zebrafish Embryo Coagulation (96 h)

Pb²⁺

0

5.9 ± 2.9

100**

100**

PbI₂

0

0.6

10.4 ± 4.4

6.1 ± 4.1

PbO

0

0.6

7.0 ± 2.5

7.0 ± 3.1

PSC

0

0

5.1 ± 3.0

98.8 ± 1.2**

Sediment

Chironomus Mortality (48 h)

Pb²⁺

0

0

100**

100**

PbI₂

3.3 ± 3.3

20 ± 10

13 ± 3.3

6.7 ± 6.7

PbO

0

16.7 ± 3.3*

10.0 ± 5.8

23.3 ± 8.8

PSC

3.3 ± 3.3

6.7 ± 6.7

3.3 ± 3.3

10.0 ± 5.8

Soil Toxicity

Soil

C. elegans Growth inhibition (48 h)

Pb²⁺

14.1 ± 0.7*

19.8 ± 1.2*

100**

100**

PbI₂

7.4 ± 1.1*

5.1 ± 2.9

8.1 ± 4.1

18.2 ± 1.9*

PbO

11.6 ± 1.3

20.0 ± 2.1**

29.6 ± 0.7**

17.2 ± 1.4**

PSC

13.2 ± 2.0**

17.4 ± 3.3**

17.7 ± 2.9**

18.5 ± 0.8**

Human toxicity

Cytotoxicity

Lung

Beas2B cell death (24 h)

Pb²⁺

8.4 ± 7.3

3.8 ± 1.3

17.8 ± 8.2

53.4 ± 19.9

PbI₂

6.8 ± 4.7

24.8 ± 12.4

25.9 ± 7.6*

27.5 ± 8.6*

PbO

0.7 ± 0.7

3.8 ± 0.9*

26.3 ± 10.7

20.4 ± 8.5

PSC

13.4 ± 6.8

23 ± 8.2*

33.9 ± 6.7*

38.9 ± 4.8**

Liver

HepG2 cell death (24 h)

Pb²⁺

5.2 ± 1.5*

11.5 ± 1.6**

23 ± 2.0**

29.6 ± 3.1**

PbI₂

8.8 ± 2.3*

6 ± 3.1

11.9 ± 2.5*

8.9 ± 2.3*

PbO

13.4 ± 2.8*

12.2 ± 2.7*

15.1 ± 2.4**

10.7 ± 1.0**

PSC

3.1 ± 1.3

7.1 ± 0.6**

21.8 ± 5.2*

19.7 ± 3.1**