Table 1 Summary of genetic surveys estimating population-based admixture rates in wild wolf samples, as well as confirming hybrids suspected from morphological, behavioral and/or preliminary genetic analyses.
Location | Period | Admixed/Confirmed | Resources | Remarks | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Admixture estimation in wild populations | |||||
Italian Apennines (full range) | ~1984–1999 | 1/107 (0.9%) | 18 STRs | — | |
Italian Apennines (full range) | 1987–2002 | 11/220 (5.0%) | 16 linked-STRs | — | |
Italian Apennines (central-southern) | 2000–2012 | 7/107 (6.5%) | 18 STRs | — | |
Italian Apennines (northern) | 2000–2009 | 16/430 (3.7%) | 12 STRs + mtDNA CR + 4 Y-linked STRs | — | |
Italian Apennines (central, two areas) | 2004–2013 | 14/47 (29.8%) | 12 STRs + mtDNA CR + 2 Y-linked STRs | local hybridization events | |
Spain (north-western) | — | 0/20 (0.0%) | 13 STRs + mtDNA CR | — | |
Spain (north-western, one area) | 2013 | 4/67 (6.0%) | 18 STRs + mtDNA CR | three-months sampling | |
Spain + Portugal (full range) | 1996–2009 | 8/212 (3.8%) | 42 STRs + mtDNA CR + 6 Y-linked STRs | — | |
Portugal (central-western, one area) | 2011–2014 | 1/21 (4.8%) | 24 STRs + mtDNA CR | three packs studied | |
Georgia (full range) | 2008–2012 | 14/102 (13.7%) | 8 STRs + mtDNA CR | guarding dogs widespread | |
Bulgaria (full range) and Greece | 2000–2011 | 10/102 (9.8%) | 14 STRs + mtDNA CR | feral dogs widespread | |
Croatia (full range) | 1996–2011 | 5/176 (2.8%) | 12 STRs + mtDNA CR + 4 Y-linked STRs | hybrids restricted to anthropogenic areas | |
Confirmation of presumptive hybrids | |||||
Italian Apennines | 1996–2011 | 24/30 | 39 STRs | ||
Italian Apennines | 1992–2015 | 68/68 | 170 K SNPs | ||
Italian Tuscany | 1993–2001 | 3/3 | 18 STRs | ||
Spain | 2011 | 9/13 | 13 or 52 STRs + mtDNA CR | ||
Latvia | 1997–1999 | 12/12 | 16 STRs + mtDNA CR | ||
Estonia and Latvia | 2008–2009 | 8/8 | 11 STRs | ||
Norway | 1998–1999 | 1/1 | 18 STRs + mtDNA CR + 1 Y-linked STR | ||
Iran | — | 7/7 | 15 STRs | ||
