Table 2 Effects of glutamine starvation and ammonia supplementation on AMPK and mTORC1 signalling and cell growth. Upward and downward arrows indicate an increase or decrease in kinase activity or increase in cell growth respectively. Two-way arrows indicate no change.

From: The ability to utilise ammonia as nitrogen source is cell type specific and intricately linked to GDH, AMPK and mTORC1

Cell line

Gln starvation (compared to + Gln)

NH4Cl supplementation (compared to −Gln)

Acute (15 mins)

Acute (15 mins)

Acute (6 hrs)

Day 3

AMPK activation

mTORC1 activation

AMPK activation

mTORC1 activation

AMPK activation

mTORC1 activation

Growth

AMPK activation

mTORC1 activation

HEK293

↑

↓

↓

↔

↔

↔

↑

↓

↑

Huh7

↑

↔

↔

↑

↔

↑

↑

—

—

T47D

↑

↓

↓

↑

↔

↑

↑

↑

↑

MCF7

↑

↓

↓

↑

↔

↑

↑

—

—