Table 1 GLMM estimating detection probabilities of artificial toads.

From: Sole coloration as an unusual aposematic signal in a Neotropical toad

Random effects

Variance

Standard deviation

  

Participant ID

0.54

0.74

  

Fixed effects

Estimate

Se

Z

p-value

(Intercept) Toads without red soles

−0.78

0.21

−3.82

<0.001

Toads with red soles

0.61

0.19

3.28

0.001

Brown toads

−1.02

0.25

−4.74

<0.001

  1. Toads without red soles on their feet are included in the intercept.