Figure 3

Levels of coral reef surface rugosity (a,b), terrain ruggedness (c,d), and absolute curvature (e,f) before and after the 2015-2016 heat stress event. Plots represent changes in each metric on the atoll overall (left) and across the human disturbance gradient (right). For each disturbance level, lighter boxes indicate 2015 values and darker boxes indicate 2017 values.