Table 1 Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study population.

From: Visit-to-visit HbA1c and glucose variability and the risks of macrovascular and microvascular events in the general population

 

HbA1c variability groups*

1st tertile (n = 2,136)

2nd tertile (n = 2,199)

3rd tertile (n = 2,127)

p

HbA1c coefficient of variation

0.0216

0.0392

0.0659

<0.001

Age, years

50 ± 7.5

50 ± 7.5

50 ± 7.7

0.27

Male sex

1,011 (47.3)

1,056 (48.0)

1,004 (47.2)

0.84

Current smoking

463 (22.0)

463 (21.3)

447 (21.2)

0.66

Hypertension

219 (10.3)

243 (11.1)

300 (14.1)

<0.001

Dyslipidaemia

46 (2.2)

54 (2.5)

57 (2.7)

0.53

Previous MI

13 (0.6)

10 (0.5)

17 (0.8)

0.35

Previous CAD

9 (0.4)

12 (0.5)

15 (0.7)

0.46

Previous CKD

60 (2.8)

58 (2.6)

63 (3.0)

0.81

Laboratory variables

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

197 ± 34

197 ± 35

197 ± 36

0.73

Triglycerides, mg/dL

142 ± 98

143 ± 99

149 ± 106

0.09

HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

50 ± 12

50 ± 12

50 ± 12

0.94

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

118 ± 33

119 ± 333

117 ± 34

0.24

HbA1c, %

5.5 ± 0.3

5.5 ± 0.3

5.6 ± 0.4

<0.001

HbA1c, mmol/mol

37 ± 2

37 ± 2

38 ± 3

 

High sensitivity CRP, mg/L

1.48 ± 2.74

1.50 ± 2.38

1.60 ± 3.17

0.28

Homocysteine, µmol/L

11.5 ± 3.7

11.8 ± 4.4

11.8 ± 4.4

0.053

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

91 ± 8

91 ± 8

93 ± 10

<0.001

3rd tertile FBG group

596 (28.1)

680 (31.1)

845 (40.0)

<0.001

Post-prandial glucose, mg/dL

125 ± 30

126 ± 31

135 ± 39

<0.001

3rd tertile PBG group

634 (29.9)

707 (32.3)

771 (36.8)

<0.001

Fasting insulin, µIU/mL

7.6 ± 4.4

7.5 ± 4.7

7.5 ± 4.5

0.77

HOMA-IR†

1.79 ± 0.67

1.80 ± 0.65

1.94 ± 0.90

<0.001

HOMA β-cell

108.4 ± 41.9

106.3 ± 42.1

106.9 ± 44.6

0.25

QUICKI‡

0.354 ± 0.018

0.353 ± 0.017

0.350 ± 0.019

<0.001

QUICKI < 0.339

412 (19.3)

416 (19.0)

575 (27.1)

<0.001

Metabolic syndrome

374 (17.5)

363 (16.5)

428 (21.0)

0.006

Body composition variables

BMI, kg/m2

24.4 ± 3.0

24.4 ± 2.8

26.6 ± 3.1

0.02

Muscle mass, kg

43.7 ± 8.1

44.0 ± 7.9

44.1 ± 8.0

0.33

Muscle mass/BMI, m2

1.80 ± 0.33

1.81 ± 0.33

1.78 ± 0.33

0.01

Fat mass, kg

16.8 ± 5.3

16.7 ± 5.1

17.1 ± 5.4

0.08

Fat mass/BMI, m2

0.68 ± 0.16

0.68 ± 0.16

0.68 ± 0.16

0.42

  1. Values are presented as number (%) for categorical variables and mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables.
  2. CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MI, myocardial infarction; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PBG, post 2-h blood glucose; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.
  3. *HbA1c variability was assessed using the coefficient of variation for all HbA1c measurements throughout the study. †HOMA-IR = (fasting insulin, µIU/mL) × (fasting glucose, mmol/L)/22.5; HOMA β-cell = [20 × (fasting insulin, µIU/mL)]/[(fasting glucose, mmol/L) − 3.5] (reference 15). ‡QUICKI = 1/[log (fasting insulin, µIU/mL) + log (fasting glucose, mg/dL)] (ref.16).
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