Figure 3

Gross examination of printed skin in porcine model. (A) Images of wound healing of in situ bioprinted autologous and allogeneic fibroblasts and keratinocytes compared to bioprinted fibrinogen/collagen (matrix only) and untreated control groups over 8 weeks. Formation of epidermis islands at the core of the autologous treatments started as early as week 2 and complete wound closure and re-epithelialization with minimal contracture was achieved by week 4 of the study. All other treatments appeared to contract significantly, with little epithelium forming primarily from the edges of the wound. (B) Significantly smaller open wound size was measured for autologous cell-treated wounds compared to other treatments. (C) Wound contraction was also reduced in autologous cell-treated wounds compared to other treatments. (D) Autologous cell-treated wounds showed significantly accelerated re-epithelialization compared all other groups. Wound sizes were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. ***p < 0.001, n = 6; **p < 0.01, n = 6; *p < 0.05, n = 6. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).