Figure 1

ABX treatment impairs cognitive function and reverse BDPP memory promoting effect. C57BL6 mice were randomly grouped into 6 groups: non sleep-deprived vehicle treated (Ctrl), sleep-deprived vehicle treated (SD), sleep-deprived BDPP treated (SD + BDPP), non sleep-deprived ABX treated (ABX), sleep-deprived ABX treated (SD + ABX), sleep-deprived treated with ABX in addition to BDPP (SD + ABX + BDPP). (a) Treatment scheme. Mice were sleep deprived for 5 h immediately after a fear conditioning training trial and tested for memory performance the next day. (b) Freezing percent across testing trial is significantly affected by sleep deprivation, BDPP and ABX treatment (1-way ANOVA, F(5,58) = 7.861, p < 0.0001). Sleep-deprived mice show decrease in freezing compared to both non sleep-deprived mice and sleep-deprived BDPP-treated mice (Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test, *P < 0.05 Ctrl, n = 9 vs. SD, n = 10 and SD, n = 10 vs. SD + BDPP, n = 10). ABX treated mice showed reduced freezing compare to vehicle treated mice (Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test, **P < 0.005 ABX, n = 9 vs. Ctrl, n = 9). ABX treatment reverse BDPP-mediated increase in freezing in sleep-deprived mice. (Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test, *P < 0.05 SD + ABX + BDPP, n = 12 vs. SD + BDPP, n = 10). Data are means + SEM.