Figure 3

NMDS ordination coded by whether the colony of origin of the bee had high or low Nosema infection (color) and time points (shape). Ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals for colony infection level. There are subtle but significant differences in the composition of the gut microbiota in Nosema treated bees (a, F1,70 = 2.28, P < 0.01) but not in control bees (b, F1,62 = 1.53, P < 0.057).