Figure 4

Thermo-mechanical model for the 70 year retreat prior to collapse Basal temperatures showing the expansion of frozen areas in green and blue at the terminus and along the moraines (a). The undisturbed subsea esker formed during the 1936–2008 retreat²⁶ is shown as a red line. Front positions shown in 1936 (black), 1966 (orange) and 2008 (magenta). Centerline profile (b) of modeled Ljosfonn temperatures (color scale) and geometry (black lines) with the corresponding 1990 surface height observations (red line) and 1980 bed and CTS transition surfaces (red dashed lines²⁹). The cross sectional profile (c) shows intermittent frozen sections along flow convergence areas.