Figure 1
Induced force responses in human esophageal smooth muscle. Contractile forces were generated in response to carbachol under isometric conditions in (a) freshly isolated intact tissue rings (n = 3 donors) and (b) muscularis proria rings after storage at 7 °C for 24 hours (4th donor). Arrows indicate carbachol addition. Carbachol induces concentration-dependent force responses in: (c) isolated circular smooth muscle rings, (d) longitudinal smooth muscle bundles (n = 4, cultured for 1 day), and (e) mucosal strips (n = 4, cultured for 1 day). (f) Histamine (H) stimulates LSM bundle contraction independently of carbachol (C) and forces are attenuated by isoproterenol (I) (4 bundles, cultured for 3 days). (g) Induced tension responses (1 μM carbachol) in microdissected MM (p = 0.25, n = 8, cultured 3–5 days).
