Table 1 Contingency table showing the number of bees that self-groomed in any manner or that did not self-groom, and the proportion of bees that self-groomed in any manner within 3 min after placing 20 mg of flour on their thoraces that had previously been treated with clothianidin (0 ng/µl, 9 × 10−4 ng/µl, 4.2 × 10−3 ng/µl and 1 × 10−2 ng/µl) and/or V. destructor. The asterisk indicates a significant reduction in the proportion of bees that self-groomed based on Chi2 analysis and adjusted residuals and p value of 0.0031.
Treatment | Number of bees that self-groomed | Number of bees that did not self-groom | Proportion of bees that self-groomed |
|---|---|---|---|
0 ng/µl | 149 | 10 | 0.94 |
9 × 10−4 ng/µl | 126 | 37 | 0.77* |
4.2 × 10−3 ng/µl | 135 | 11 | 0.92 |
1 × 10−2 ng/µl | 168 | 32 | 0.84 |
0 ng/µl + V. destructor | 106 | 8 | 0.93 |
9 × 10−4 ng/µl + V. destructor | 74 | 19 | 0.80 |
4.2 × 10−3 ng/µl + V. destructor | 88 | 20 | 0.81 |
1 × 10−2 ng/µl + V. destructor | 57 | 16 | 0.78 |
