Table 1 Characteristics of Included Studies.

Calhoun & Ford (2007)²⁹

USA

Crossover pilot RCT

Adult females (n = 43) with chronic migraine. No primary sleep disorder.

1 session BSM/sham behavioural intervention^a

Headache frequency, HA intensity, reversion to episodic migraine. Follow-up at 6, 12, 18 weeks post-treatment.

BSM: 33.5, Placebo: 35

Ruff et al. (2009)²⁸

USA

Single-arm Pre-post

Adult male and female veterans (n = 126, Female = 7%) with blast induced mTBI and TTH, migraine or mixed HA.

1 session sleep hygiene and oral R_x Prazosin/no control group

HA frequency, HA intensity, sleepiness. Follow-up at 9 weeks, 6 months post-treatment.

Single arm intervention: 29.4

Smitherman et al. (2016)³⁰

USA

Parallel-arm pilot RCT

Adult males and females (n = 32, Female = 90.3%) with chronic migraine and comorbid insomnia.

3 session CBT-i/sham behavioural intervention^a

HA frequency, HA related disability, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, sleep quality, psychiatric Sx. Follow-up at 2, 6 weeks post-treatment.

CBT-i: 29.6, Placebo: 32.1

Law et al. (2018)³¹

USA

Single-arm Pre-post

Adolescent males and females (n = 21, Female = 81%) with chronic migraine or chronic TTH

6 session hybrid CBT-i^b

HA frequency, HA intensity, pain related disability, insomnia Sx, sleep quality, sleep hygiene, total-sleep-time. Follow-up immediately post-treatment and 3-months post-treatment

Single-arm intervention: 15.5